Adrenal hormones and their functions. Adrenal hormones and diseases in their violation

Adrenal hormones play an important role in regulating metabolic processes. Violation of the production of adrenal hormones provokes the development of many pathologies. Bioactive compounds of the adrenal glands have a significant impact on the health of people, their appearance and emotional state. Before you find out which hormones are produced by the adrenal glands, you need to familiarize yourself with their structure.

A bit about anatomy

The adrenal glands are small glands of the endocrine type of secretion, which are localized above the upper poles of the kidneys. In the structure of the body, cortical and medulla are distinguished. The cortical part of the organ is formed by the glomerular, fascicular and reticular layers.

The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that control the functioning of many organs and systems. Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla are bioactive compounds related to catecholamines (neurotransmitters).

Cortical layer of the organ

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex? About fifty hormones are produced in this part of the gland. The main component for their biosynthesis is cholesterol. The cortex of the gland secretes three types of corticosteroids:

mineralocorticoids;
glucocorticoids;
sex steroids.

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticosteroids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone) regulate water-salt metabolism. They retain Na + ions in the tissues, which, in turn, contributes to the retention of water in the body. A blood test for adrenal hormones is taken to assess the functioning of the whole organism.

Aldosterone

One of the key mineralocorticoids synthesized in our body. This hormone is produced by cells of the zona glomeruli of the adrenal glands. The secretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex is carried out under the control of adrenocorticotropic hormone, prostaglandins and the reninangiotensin system.

Aldosterone in the distal tubules of the nephron activates the reabsorption (reabsorption) of sodium ions from primary urine into interstitial fluid which increases its volume.

Hyperaldosteronism

This pathology develops as a result of excessive formation of aldosterone in the tissues of the adrenal glands. Primary hyperaldosteronism cause adenomas or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia; secondary - physiological hypovolemia (for example, with dehydration, blood loss or the use of diuretics) and a decrease in blood flow through the kidneys.

Important. An increase in the secretion of aldosterone causes the development of arterial hypertension and hypokalemia (Kohn's syndrome).

Migraine, cardialgia and cardiac arrhythmias are the main Clinical signs hyperaldosteronism

Hypoaldosteronism

Insufficient synthesis of adrenal hormones (aldosterone) is often diagnosed against the background of the development of Addison's disease, as well as congenital pathology enzymes involved in the formation of steroids. Secondary hypoaldosteronism is a consequence of inhibition of the reninangiotensin system, deficiency of adrenocorticotropic hormone, overuse some medicines.

Excessive fatigue, muscle spasms, hyperkalemia and tachycardia are the key signs of aldosterone deficiency in the patient's body.

Desoxycorticosterone

In humans, deoxycorticosterone is a minor mineralocorticoid hormone. This biocompound, unlike aldosterone, increases the strength and endurance of skeletal muscles. Deoxycorticosterone increases the concentration of potassium in the urine and reduces its content in the blood plasma and tissues. Since it increases the reabsorption of water in the tubules of the kidneys, it causes an increase in fluid in the tissues, which can provoke the formation of edema.

Glucocorticoids

The presented compounds have a greater effect on carbohydrate metabolism than on the water-salt balance. The key glucocorticoid hormones are:

corticosterone;
cortisol;
deoxycortisol;
cortisone;
hydrocorticosterone.

Cortisol

Regulates many vital important processes. The synthesis of cortisol is stimulated by ACTH, which in turn is activated by corticoliberin produced by the hypothalamus. In turn, the production of corticoliberin is controlled by the corresponding centers of the brain.

Cortisol activates protein biosynthesis in cells. Main metabolic effect cortisol occurs when there is a decrease in insulin secretion. Protein deficiency in the muscles provokes an active release of amino acids, from which, under the influence of cortisol, glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) is intensified in the liver.

Excessive hormone production

Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex is accompanied by an excess of glucocorticoids in the blood and causes the development of Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome. Such a pathology is registered with hypertrophy of the adrenal glands (about 10% of cases), as well as with pituitary adenoma (90% of cases).

Important. Excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone causes hyperproduction of cortisol. The consequence of this is a violation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, osteoporosis, skin atrophy and arterial hypertension.

cortisol deficiency

Primary failure is the result of autoimmune destruction endocrine gland, bilateral neoplasia or amyloidosis, lesions in infectious diseases especially in tuberculosis.

Skin hyperpigmentation - feature indicating that the patient is developing Addison's disease

Due to a decrease in the synthesis of mineralocorticoid hormones, a significant amount of Na + and Cl - ions are excreted in the urine, which causes dehydration and hypovolemia. As a result of a lack of glucocorticoids, which provide gluconeogenesis, the glycogen content in the muscles and liver decreases, and the level of monosaccharides in the blood decreases. All of these factors cause adynamia and muscle weakness, protein synthesis in the liver is suppressed.

Occasionally, patients experience depression, anorexia, tremor, anorexia, vomiting, persistent hypotension, bradycardia, and cachexia.

A blood test for cortisol is carried out in the following cases:

skin hyperpigmentation;
hirsutism;
osteoporosis;
accelerated puberty;
oligomenorrhea;
unexplained muscle fatigue.

Steroids (sex hormones)

Steroid hormones synthesized by the adrenal glands regulate hair growth in androgen-dependent areas. Excessive body hair may be associated with adrenal dysfunction. During embryonic development, these substances can affect the formation of the external genitalia. Adrenal androgens activate protein biosynthesis, increase muscle mass and contractility muscles.

The main androgens of the reticular zone of the adrenal glands include androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone. These substances are weak androgens, biological action which are dozens of times weaker than testosterone. Androstenedione and its analogues in the body of women are transformed into estrogens. To provide normal development fetus and the course of physiological pregnancy, the level of adrenal hormones in the blood of women increases slightly.

Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone are the key androgens produced in the body of women. These biocompounds are essential for:

stimulation of the excretory glands;
development of secondary sexual characteristics;
activation of hair growth in the genital area;
formation of spatial thinking;
maintaining libido.

Important! Female steroids and testosterone are not formed in the adrenal glands, but from androgens in peripheral organs(liver, adipose tissue) estrogens can be synthesized.

Adrenal medulla hormones

Adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine (norepinephrine) are key hormones produced by the adrenal medulla. Their biosynthesis requires amino acids (tyrosine and phenylalanine). Both substances are neurotransmitters, that is, they cause tachycardia, increase arterial pressure optimize the level of carbohydrates in the blood.

All hormones of the adrenal medulla are the most unstable compounds. Their life span is only 50-100 seconds.

Important! The adrenal medulla produces hormones that help the body adapt to various stress factors.

Effects of catecholamines:

hypertension;
urinary retention;
activation of lipolysis;
tachycardia;
increase in respiratory volume;
inhibition of intestinal motility;
hyperhidrosis;
activation of neoglycogenesis;
contraction of sphincters (intestines, bladder);
activation of catabolism and energy generation processes;
pupil dilation;
inhibition of insulin action;
expansion of the lumen of the bronchi;
ejaculation stimulation.

Conclusion

Adrenal hormones, and especially gluco- and mineralocorticosteroids, play important role in the regulation of various processes in the human body. Violation of their normal synthesis is fraught with serious problems.

Adrenal hormones are biologically active substances that have big influence for the work of the whole organism. When their content deviates from the norm, numerous violations of the functioning of organs and systems develop.

Let's find out the names of adrenal hormones and the tests that need to be taken to determine the level of these important substances in our body.

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands?

The adrenal glands consist of two layers - the outer cortex and the inner medulla. Produced in the cortex corticosteroid and sex hormones. The first ones include:

cortisol;
cortisone;
aldosterone;
corticosterone;
deoxycorticosterone.

in number sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include:

dehydroepiandrosterone;
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate;
testosterone;
estradiol;
estrone;
estriol;
pregnenolone;
17-hydroxyprogesterone.

The medulla is responsible for the synthesis of catecholamine hormones, which include epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Their effect on the body

Cortisol supports the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. It also provides normal functioning cardiovascular and nervous systems and is involved in the regulation of immunity.

The production of this hormone increases during stress, which leads to improved heart function and increased concentration.

Cortisone, which is also called hydrocortisone, is responsible for the processing of proteins into carbohydrates, and also inhibits the work of lymphoid organs, that is, organs immune system. Their suppression allows you to control the inflammatory process.

Aldosterone is responsible for maintaining the water balance in the body and regulates the content of certain metals. It provides an optimal concentration in the blood of the most important electrolytes - potassium and sodium.

Corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone take part in the regulation of metabolism minerals, including - provide retention of sodium ions by the kidneys. Of these two hormones, more strong influence on the exchange of salts has deoxycorticosterone.

Corticosterone takes an active part in the regulation of protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, metabolic rate and wake-sleep cycle.

Adrenalin responsible for the mobilization of the body in the event of an external threat. Its production increases dramatically when there is a sense of danger, anxiety and fear, after injuries and burns. severe stress and shock states also cause an increase in its secretion.

Thanks to the action of adrenaline, the work of the heart muscle is activated, all vessels are narrowed, with the exception of the vessels of the brain, blood pressure rises, metabolism in tissues accelerates and the tone of skeletal muscles increases.

Norepinephrine is the precursor to adrenaline. Its level also increases with stress, fear and anxiety, the emergence of an external threat, trauma, burns and shock conditions.

Unlike adrenaline, it has little effect on the functioning of the heart muscle and tissue metabolism, but has a stronger vasoconstrictor effect.

Pregnenolone is a steroid hormone that is involved in the regulation of the nervous system. It also ensures the production of other steroids in the body. Pregnenolone, which was synthesized in the adrenal glands, is converted into dehydroepiandrosterone or cortisol.

Dehydroepiandrosterone is a male steroid hormone. In the body of a representative of the stronger sex, he is responsible for the formation of sexual characteristics, the growth of muscle mass and sexual activity. In relatively small quantities, it should also be contained in.

Based on dehydroepiandrosterone, 27 other hormones are synthesized, including estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate- another male sex hormone, which in the fairer sex is responsible for the regulation of sexual life, sexual desire and menstrual pauses. It also ensures the normal course of the gestation process.

Testosterone- This is the main male sex hormone, which in women is involved in the regulation of muscle and fat mass and sexual desire. It is responsible for breast formation, normal flow, muscle tone and emotional stability.

Estrone- this is a substance from the group of estrogens - female sex hormones, which also includes estradiol and estriol. They are responsible for the development of the uterus, vagina and mammary glands, as well as secondary female sexual characteristics, which include features of appearance and character.

Estriol is the least active female sex hormone. Its concentration increases during pregnancy. This substance is involved in the processes of growth and development of the uterus, improves blood flow through its vessels, and also contributes to the development of the ducts of the mammary glands.

17-hydroxyprogesterone is a hormone that transforms in the body into androstenedione, which, in turn, turns into testosterone and estrogen.

(Image is clickable, click to enlarge)

Deviation of content from the norm

Excess cortisol leads to the destruction of muscle tissue. Also increased content This hormone leads to obesity, while excess weight is deposited mainly on the face and in the abdomen.

At an increase in aldosterone there is an increase in the level of sodium in the blood, while the concentration of potassium decreases. An increase in the level of this hormone leads to an increase in blood pressure, headaches and increased fatigue.

Excess corticosterone causes an increase in blood pressure, a decrease in immunity and the appearance of fatty deposits, especially in the waist area. At increased concentration This hormone increases the risk of developing stomach ulcers and diabetes.

At an increase in deoxycorticosterone Conn's syndrome develops. This condition is characterized by increased production of aldosterone, resulting in an excess of this hormone.

In Conn's syndrome, blood pressure rises, blood sodium rises, and potassium levels fall.

Deviation from the norm of the level of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate leads to disruption vitality, mood and intimate life.

Increasing testosterone levels in women causes a whole range of adverse effects. These include:

menstrual disorders;
inability to conceive a child;
violation of the course of pregnancy;
the development of secondary male sexual characteristics - coarsening of the voice, the appearance of vegetation on the face and body, changes in the figure;
increased risk of developing diabetes;
male pattern baldness;
skin problems;
increased sweating;
aggressiveness;
sleep disorders;
depression.

Pathological increase in estrogen levels(see the norm in the table below) in women also causes a large number of deviations in the body. This state manifests itself:

nausea and dizziness;
increased fatigue;
irritability;
sleep disorders;
pain in the abdomen;
menstrual disorders;
disorders of the digestive system;
increased hair loss and skin problems.

If a elevated level estrogen persists for a long time, may develop more serious problems- diseases thyroid gland, osteoporosis, convulsions, pathologies of the nervous system, mental disorders, inability to conceive a child, breast cancer.

Increasing the concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone leads to skin problems, excessive hair growth and thinning, high blood sugar and menstrual irregularities.

If a high level of this hormone persists for a long time, may develop diabetes, hypertonic disease and heart disease.

How to check the level?

If you suspect a deviation from the norm of the content of adrenal hormones, you need to donate blood, saliva or urine. They do not take much time and allow you to accurately determine the presence of problems.

Disorders hormonal background lead to numerous disturbances in the functioning of the body and increase the risk of developing diseases, so the importance of such examinations can hardly be overestimated.

Before taking a blood test for dehydroepiandrosterone, it is recommended to get a good night's sleep and avoid overwork. The study should be done in the morning on an empty stomach or after 4 hours after eating.

To obtain reliable data after an aldosterone test, it is recommended For two weeks before the study, reduce carbohydrate intake, and the day before the procedure - avoid physical and emotional overload.

The results are influenced by drugs that lower blood pressure and hormonal agents.

Before donating blood to determine the level of total cortisol, you must stop taking hormonal drugs, exercise and smoking.

Also used to measure cortisol levels 24 hour saliva analysis. In this study, the material for the study is taken four times during the day. This allows you to more fully determine the picture of the work of the adrenal glands.

To determine the level of norepinephrine and adrenaline, you can take a blood or urine test.

Your doctor will help you decide which tests to take. Assign a study on the level of adrenal hormones can:

therapist;
endocrinologist;
urologist;
gynecologist;
cardiologist;
oncologist.

From normal operation adrenal glands depends on the state of the whole organism. Therefore, if there is a suspicion of a deviation in the content of hormones that produce these glands, it is necessary to be examined from the norm.

After establishing violations, you can choose the appropriate one to avoid the adverse consequences of hormonal disorders.

A psychologist will tell you more about the hormone cortisol in our body in the video:

The adrenal glands are a pair of small (with Walnut) glands internal secretion located on the tops of the kidneys. They consist of a medulla covered with a cortical mantle.

The main work of the glands lies in the synthesis biologically active substances.

The vital activity of the human body depends on what hormones the adrenal glands produce and in what quantity.

The adrenal cortex converts dietary cholesterol into needed by the body active hormones.

These hormones control carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, electrolyte balance, maintain blood pressure at the required level, control allergic and immune reactions of the body, provide gender identification.

Cross section of the adrenal gland

In response to a powerful negative factors changes occur that increase the stability and integrity of the body during external environment- syndrome of general adaptation. The physiological manifestation of this syndrome is an increase in the adrenal cortex, which can change its size in case of an acute deficiency of hormonal reserves, and an increase in secretory function.

The adrenal glands adjust the mechanisms of adaptation to the physical (extensive injuries, fractures), emotional ( emergencies) or chemical (allergic reactions) stress. Through these mechanisms, fast recovery impaired functions.

However, if the force of impact is very high or the stress is prolonged in time, the secretory function fades away, and the body begins to experience an acute shortage of hormones.

Groups of adrenal hormones, their effect on the body

The cortical mantle of the adrenal glands has three zones that synthesize three various groups hormonal substances: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones.

Under the influence of different enzymes, the same cholesterol can be transformed either into aldosterone, or into cortisone, or into androgens.

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands, we will consider further.

Mineralocorticoid: aldosterone

This group belongs to the hormones vital for the body, since the continuation of life after removal of the adrenal glands is possible only in the case of replacement hormones from the outside.

Controls mineral metabolism, inflammatory and immune processes.

Aldosterone is the only mineralocorticoid that enters directly into the human bloodstream. It maintains the tone of blood vessels, a balanced content of potassium and sodium ions in the blood ( water-salt exchange).

Excessive intake of aldosterone in the blood is recognized as one of the main causes of persistent arterial hypertension. Under its influence, the walls of small arteries are saturated with sodium, swell, the lumen of the vessels narrows. In the body there is a delay of chlorides and fluids: the volume of circulating blood increases. As a result, blood pressure on the vessels increases.

Accompanied by retrosternal and headaches, convulsions due to loss of potassium; possible development of edema and congestive coronary insufficiency.

Hormone deficiency in adults has no specific manifestations, malaise is possible, fast fatiguability, drowsiness, decreased blood volume and blood pressure.

Glucocorticoids: cortisol and corticosterone

At healthy person Two glucocorticoids are produced directly into the blood: cortisone and corticosterone.

During the day, the release of hormones occurs in waves: the activation of the secretory function in the early morning hours, followed by attenuation by night.

Directly or indirectly, glucocorticoids affect many metabolic (protein, fat, carbohydrate) processes in the body.

They have a powerful anti-shock effect in case of massive injuries, wounds, bleeding, burns, stress. Support system blood pressure, increasing the susceptibility of blood vessels and myocardium to adrenaline and dopamine. Contribute to the replenishment of blood loss, stimulating bone marrow erythrocyte synthesis processes.

They inhibit all inflammatory processes: they reduce the permeability of capillary walls, the formation of exudate, reduce swelling of tissues, and suppress phagocytosis in the focus of inflammation.

Reduce tissue susceptibility to serotonin and histamine - mediators allergic reactions. Together with the ability to destroy the protein of lymphoid tissue and inhibit immune reactions glucocorticoids have an antiallergic effect.

They control immune reactions, and the effect of exposure directly depends on the amount of the synthesized hormone.

With a low content in the blood - immunostimulating, with excess - immunosuppressive.

Enhance production of hydrochloric acid by increasing the acidity gastric juice and endangering the development of peptic ulcer.

Deficiency of glucocorticoids leads to a decrease in blood sugar and sodium, an increase in tissue susceptibility to insulin.

Bronze disease, or Addison's disease, occurs due to insufficient function of the adrenal cortex. It is characterized by the development of anorexia with nausea, diarrhea, critical weight loss and focal hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Decreased blood pressure, decreased heartbeat, sharp weakness, anemia increases, edema, convulsions appear.

An excess of glucocorticoids is expressed in the processes of catabolism - the breakdown of complex proteins of muscle tissue into simple substances (amino acids and glucose), while preventing anabolism - the synthesis of new complex proteins, inhibiting the delivery of amino acids from the bloodstream to the muscles. Manifested by reduction muscle mass, weakness of the muscles, thinning of the skin and the appearance of reddish or purple-bluish stretch marks (stretch marks) on it. Slows down tissue regeneration (wound healing).

An excess of glucocorticoids changes the processes of fat metabolism: in the area of \u200b\u200bthe limbs it causes lipolysis (the breakdown of fats into fatty acid and glycerin), while contributing to excess fat accumulation in the torso, shoulders and face. Spider obesity develops. The face is round, moon-shaped, with flushed cheeks. Women grow mustaches and beards, the menstrual cycle is disturbed.

A large amount of the hormone affects carbohydrate metabolism, forcing the process of glucose synthesis from fat and protein, accumulating it in the form of glycogen in the liver, and limits the susceptibility of tissues to the action of insulin. This leads to the development of steroid diabetes.

Reduced growth of young cells bone tissue, calcium absorption is disturbed and its excretion from the body increases, which leads to bone fragility - osteoporosis.

Arterial pressure is persistently elevated. The immune system is significantly weakened, the body is unable to resist infections.

The processes occurring in the body under the influence of excessive secretion of the adrenal cortex are called Cushing-Itsenko syndrome, or hypercortisolism syndrome.

In children, an excess of glucocorticoids slows down the growth of the body and the formation of the skeleton.

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

The most active hormone of the adrenal cortex. Its main task is to help the body in stressful conditions.

A massive release of cortisol into the blood at the peak of physical or emotional stress prompts the body to quickly choose from all options. optimal solution, and also gives it a powerful energy impulse.

Insufficient secretion of cortisol in stressful situation can provoke an adrenal crisis.

An excess of cortisol suppresses the synthesis of happiness hormones (serotonin and dopamine), and leads to the development of severe depressive states.

A prolonged increase in blood cortisol leads to a decrease in muscle tissue and to an increase in body fat in problem areas: in women in the thighs, in men in the lower back and abdomen.

Corticosterone

Normally produced amount of corticosterone 10 times less quantity cortisol. Corticosterone is involved in metabolism, mineral metabolism.

Its deficiency is characterized by nervousness, increased irascibility, grumpiness, insomnia, acne, hair loss. In men, erection is suppressed, in women - the cycle of menstruation and the possibility of conception.

An excess of corticosterone reduces the amount of sex hormones, and pseudohermaphroditism develops in childhood, and at an older age, juvenile gynecomastia is formed. Its excess is responsible for ulceration of the mucous walls of the stomach. It also manifests itself as persistently reduced immunity, arterial hypertension and deposition of adipose tissue in the waist area.

The presence of tumor formations in the adrenal glands will help to determine with high accuracy. What this procedure shows and what are its contraindications, read on our website.

You can familiarize yourself with the symptoms of adrenal hyperplasia in men and women.

Steroids: male and female sex hormones

The cortex produces sex hormones in both sexes, regardless of gender differences.

For the female body, it is a secondary supplier of estrogen and a unique source of the male hormone testosterone.

AT male body is a secondary supplier of testosterone and a unique supplier of the female hormone estrogen.

Being imperfect androgens, sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, if necessary, are able to be converted into testosterone or estrogen. In addition to a specific effect on the body, they fight sclerosis by utilizing cholesterol, and - most importantly - weaken the detrimental effect of cortisol on the immune system of body cells and work as antioxidants.

Regardless of gender, androstenedione and dhea affect carbohydrate metabolism by lowering blood sugar levels and stimulating the utilization of glucose by cells. They participate in protein metabolism, demonstrating an anabolic effect: they contribute to the growth of muscle mass and muscle strength due to the synthesis of proteins and preventing their breakdown. They take part in lipid metabolism, regulate cholesterol and the sebaceous glands.

Stimulate the psychosexual centers of the brain, forming the sexual attraction of the sexes.

Participate in the formation of some mental reactions ( aggressive behavior) and intellectual functions (spatial thinking and logic).

Participate in the development of primary sexual characteristics, subsequently responsible for the growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes.

Both in the female and in the male body, the sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex perform a similar job, which ensures the correct bodily development and vital activity in accordance with its gender.

Adrenal hormones

The most important adrenal hormones and their functions:

Name	Place of production	Main Functions
Aldosterone Mineral-corticosteroids	Cortex, glomerular zone	Supports water and mineral balance. Provides optimal concentration of potassium and sodium (important electrolytes)
Cortisol Gluco- corticosteroids	Cortical substance, fascicular zone	Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fats. Affects the work of the nervous, cardiovascular, immune systems. Actively produced during stress, providing protection to the body
Estrogens Androgens		Responsible for the formation of female secondary sexual characteristics. Ensure the development and functionality of the genital organs. Regulate reproductive function
Testosterone Androgens	Cortex, reticular zone (the main dose in men is produced by the testicles)	Provides the manifestation of secondary male sexual characteristics. Responsible for the development and formation of organs reproductive system. Regulates fertility
Progesterone Androgens	Cortex, reticular zone (the main dose in women is produced by the ovaries)	The main hormone of pregnancy. Provides preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, the formation of the placenta, the full development of the fetus
DEGA Androgens	Cortex, reticular zone	Affects sexual activity, the formation of secondary sexual characteristics, regulates reproductive function
Adrenalin Catecholamines	medulla	Mobilizes the body in the event of an external threat (hormone of fear). Actively secreted in a state of shock, stress, trauma
Norepinephrine Catecholamines	medulla	Produced in stressful and shock situations, with injuries (aggression hormone)
Somatostatin Peptides	medulla	Affects the work of the nervous, digestive system

Role in the body

The hormones of the adrenal cortex account for 90% total . Mineralocorticoids are synthesized in the zona glomeruli. These include aldosterone, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone. Substances improve capillary permeability, serous membranes, regulate water-salt metabolism, provide following processes:

activation of the absorption of sodium ions and an increase in their concentration in cells and tissue fluid;
decrease in the rate of absorption of potassium ions;
promotion osmotic pressure;
fluid retention in the body;
increase in blood pressure.

Hormones of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex - glucocorticoids. Cortisol and cortisone are the most significant. Their main action is aimed at increasing plasma glucose due to the conversion of glycogen in the liver. This process is triggered when the body is in dire need of additional energy.

The hormones of this group have an indirect effect on lipid metabolism. They reduce the rate of breakdown of fat in order to obtain glucose, increase the amount of adipose tissue on the abdomen.

The hormones of the reticular cortex include androgens.. The adrenal glands synthesize small amounts of estrogen and testosterone. The main secretion of sex hormones is carried out by the ovaries in women and the testicles in men.

The adrenal glands provide the necessary concentration male hormones(testosterone) in a woman's body. Accordingly, in men, under the control of these glands is the production of female hormones(). The basis for the formation of androgens are dehydroepiandrosterone (DEHA) and androstenedione.

The main hormones of the adrenal medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine. related to catecholamines. The glands receive a signal about their production from the sympathetic nervous system (innervates the activity internal organs).

The hormones of the medulla enter directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the synapse. Therefore, this layer of the adrenal glands is considered as a specialized sympathetic plexus. Once in the blood, the active substances are rapidly destroyed (the half-life of adrenaline and noradrenaline is 30 seconds). The sequence of formation of catecholamines is as follows:

An external signal (danger) enters the brain.
The hypothalamus is activated.
Sympathetic centers in the spinal cord are stimulated thoracic region).
Active synthesis of adrenaline and norepinephrine begins in the glands.
Catecholamines are released into the blood.
Substances interact with alpha and beta adrenoreceptors, which are found in all cells.
There is a regulation of the functions of internal organs and vital processes in order to protect the body in a stressful situation.

The adrenal glands are diverse. Humoral regulation the body's activities are carried out without failures if the active substances are produced in the right concentration.

With prolonged and significant deviations in the level of the main hormones of the adrenal glands, dangerous pathological conditions develop, vital processes are disturbed, and dysfunctions of internal organs occur. Along with this, a change in the concentration of active substances indicates existing diseases.

Deficiency and excess of adrenal hormones

Aldosterone

Flaw	Excess
Addison's disease	Primary, secondary hyperaldosteronism
Hypoaldosteronism	Aldosteroma
Increased secretion of deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone	Hyperplasia of the adrenal glands
Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome (chromosomal disease)	Heart failure
Liddle's syndrome (hereditary disease associated with excessive excretion of potassium, sodium and water retention)	Cirrhosis of the liver
Diabetes	malignant renal hypertension
Acute alcohol intoxication	Syndrome of periodic edema
Elderly age	Postoperative period

Cortisol

Flaw	Excess
Hypopituitarism (malfunction of the anterior pituitary gland)	Itsenko-Cushing syndrome
Addison's disease	Hyperplasia of the adrenal glands
Adrenogenital syndrome	Ectopic ACTH syndrome
Hypothyroid state (decreased secretory activity of the thyroid gland)	Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Condition after taking glucocorticoids	Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism
Cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis	Hypoglycemia (low glucose concentration)
Sudden weight loss	Uncompensated diabetes mellitus
	HIV infection
	Pregnancy
	Obesity
	Depression
	Alcoholism

Estrogens

Flaw	Excess
Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome	Hyperestrogenia
hypogonadism	Cysts, ovarian tumors
Hyperprolactinemia	Estrogen-secreting testicular tumor
Viril syndrome (an excess of male hormones in a woman's body)	Cirrhosis of the liver
luteal phase deficiency
Chronic inflammation of the organs of the reproductive system
Threat of abortion

Testosterone

Progesterone

Adrenalin

Flaw	Excess
Low blood pressure	High blood pressure
Deterioration of digestion	Hypertensive crisis
Weakening of memory	Tachycardia, arrhythmia
mood swings	Angina pectoris, ischemia
depression	Nervous exhaustion, mental illness
muscle flaccidity	myocardial infarction
Drowsiness	Adrenal insufficiency
Chronic fatigue

Norepinephrine

Flaw	Excess
Bipolar disorder	Panic attacks
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's	A state of unreasonable anxiety
Migraine	Insomnia
Confusion
Indifference
Lack of interest in life

Somatostatin

Flaw	Excess
Pituitary dwarfism (impaired somatotropin secretion)	Acromegaly (overgrowth separate parts body), gigantism
Hypercortisolism	Dwarfism Laron
Itsenko-Cushing syndrome	hyperglycemia
Anencephaly in the fetus
Anencephaly in the fetus	Chronic renal failure
sleep deprivation	Postoperative condition
Chemotherapy, surgery	Ectopic secretion (production of hormones by tumors)
Obesity	Alcoholism

Hormonal disorders of the adrenal glands

Failure of the adrenal glands leads to the development of diseases and pathological conditions life-threatening. They demand accurate diagnosis and holding complex treatment. The list of the most common diseases associated with adrenal dysfunction includes:

Disease name	Description
Addison's disease	The cause of the disease is chronic adrenal insufficiency. The skin acquires a characteristic brown hue (“bronze disease”). The main symptoms are low temperature body, fever, muscle and joint pain, intestinal pain.
Itsenko-Cushing's disease	Neuroendocrine disease caused by disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system and subsequent hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. Patients develop disorders of fat metabolism, pathological changes from all physiological systems
Nelson syndrome	Adrenal insufficiency is the cause of pathology. Decreased vision, severe headaches, decreased taste sensitivity skin hyperpigmentation.
Neoplasms in the adrenal glands	Adrenal tumors can be malignant or benign. Neoplasms occur in the cortical and medulla layers. Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasm associated with increased production of catecholamines. Aldosteroma develops in the glomerular cortex. Corticosteroma - benign tumor bark.
Hyperandrogenism	The disease occurs in women and is characterized by an excess of male hormones. The main symptoms are the growth of coarse hair on the face and body, dry skin, overweight, muscle atrophy, high blood pressure, fatigue.
Syndrome of ectopic production of ACTH	The condition is associated with excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH). All form it malignant tumors lungs, thyroid, pancreas, stomach, liver, uterus, adrenal medulla and other organs. Symptoms are similar to Itsenko-Cushing's disease.
hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex	Depending on the affected area of the cortex, hypercortisolism (excess cortisol), hyperaldosteronism (excess aldosterone), adrenal hyperandrogenism (excess sex hormones) are distinguished. Each of the pathologies has specific symptoms.
Hyperfunction of the adrenal medulla	The condition is associated with excessive secretion of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
Insufficiency of the adrenal cortex	The condition is characterized by a deficiency of steroid hormones. It occurs in acute and chronic forms. The body is failing water-salt balance, arise various violations in work of cardio-vascular system. For chronic form characteristic general weakness, weight loss, indigestion, dizziness fainting, low blood pressure. sharp shape distinguished by changes in consciousness, convulsions, muscle pain.

Blood analysis

The functionality of the whole organism depends on the full-fledged work of these small glands. A blood test for adrenal hormones may be prescribed different doctors:

oncologist;
gynecologist;
therapist;
endocrinologist;
urologist;
cardiologist.

Depending on the clinical picture doctor prescribes laboratory research to determine the concentration of a particular hormone. For getting reliable results analysis requires preliminary preparation. A few examples:

to test for aldosterone in two weeks, you need to reduce carbohydrate intake;
before cancel hormonal preparations, exclude physical exercise, no smoking;
to determine catecholamines, coffee, strong tea, cheese, bananas are excluded from the diet before blood sampling.

Prevention

It plays an important role in the normal functioning of the adrenal glands. healthy lifestyle life. Balanced diet, good rest, dosed physical activity, optimal drinking regimen have a beneficial effect on the functionality of the body.

Adrenal hormones are vital for humans. With any negative changes in the activity of internal organs, deterioration general condition it is necessary to consult a doctor and undergo an examination in order to detect violations of the glands in time.

When a person has pain in the adrenal glands, then in the vast majority of cases we are talking about violations of a serious nature. The adrenal glands are an indispensable organ, and the hormones that it produces are simply vital for the body. So the functions of the adrenal glands are extremely important and if such functions of the adrenal glands are violated, then the consequences can be negative.

The causes of ailments can be different, often we are talking about high hormonal production or lack of hormones. Moreover, it may not be enough, both directly adrenal hormones, and they may be lacking in the pituitary gland. And this is very important, since adrenal hormones and their functions play a significant role in organizing the work of the entire human body.

So what are the adrenal glands, where are they located, how to normalize them, how to cure them, what is their role and action in the body? We are talking about the glands of a paired nature, their place of dislocation is located directly above the kidneys, that is, they are located behind the peritoneum. The functions of the adrenal glands are important:

participate in exchange processes;
production of hormonal production;
Stress reactions are stimulated;
epinephrine begins to be produced along with norepinephrine.

The structure of the adrenal glands has its own characteristics, if violations occur, then serious hormonal changes, which is understandable, given the hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Severe inflammation of the adrenal glands is especially dangerous. It is noteworthy that the physiology of the adrenal glands has its own characteristics, and the physiology of the adrenal glands in women has significant differences from men.

The adrenal glands of their disease can also differ in men and women, the pathology of the female adrenal glands is directly related to reproductive function. The function of the adrenal glands in the body of each person is so important that their violations are often felt very quickly. As already mentioned, their effect on the body is great, so if they hurt, then there is a problem.

What are the diseases of the adrenal glands - Cushing's syndrome

Diseases of the adrenal glands can be different, however, one of the most common is Cushing's syndrome (names, the name may be different, this is used most often). With such an ailment, the effect on the body of adrenal hormones is very pronounced. As a rule, it is determined when a neoplasm or tumor of another organ occurs. The main symptoms that this disease has are as follows:

pressure is increased;
there is excess weight, and he has a male type;
the face takes on a moon-like shape;
glucose metabolism is disturbed;
muscles atrophy and become weak;
often there are situations of a depressive nature;
headache constantly;
boils may form;
blood circulation is disturbed;
potency begins to decline;
as the capillaries become very fragile, bruising often occurs.

The adrenal cortex may be disturbed, and its functions are extremely important. When the adrenal cortex is disturbed, the symptoms may vary, however, the symptoms and treatment should be studied and managed by experienced professionals. The fact is that such a disease is of a serious nature, if the disease is left to chance, everything can end badly. It is difficult to overestimate the function of the adrenal cortex, however, it is diseases of the adrenal cortex that are quite common.

About Addison's disease

When diseases of the adrenal glands are listed, such a disease is one of the most common. The tissues of the organ begin to undergo destruction, which leads to the formation of primary insufficiency of the adrenal cortex. If there is a secondary insufficiency with brain ailments, then the pituitary gland begins to be involved, and the hypothalamus may also be influenced, namely, they keep the state of the glands under control. As for the form of primary insufficiency, its observation is quite rare, however, it can be observed at any age. If everything goes according to the standard, then its development is carried out in a gradual mode.

If there is a secondary insufficiency, then the signs in most cases are the same as those observed in people prone to such an ailment as Addison's disease, but there are no manifestations on skin. If we talk about the reasons why the disease occurs, then they are as follows:

immunity is broken;
may be adrenal tuberculosis;
there was a long-term hormonal therapy;
fungal diseases;
the presence of sarcoidosis;
protein metabolism is impaired;
the presence of AIDS;
an operation was performed to remove these important organs.

The main symptoms that this disease has are as follows:

a person gets tired quickly, even if he is on vacation;
a person becomes weak, as there are cases of stress or stressful situations;
appetite begins to deteriorate;
a person is exposed to frequent colds;
a person does not tolerate ultraviolet radiation;
significant weight loss;
nipples, lips and cheeks become unnatural bright colors;
the pressure goes down;
heartbeat quickens;
the person often feels sick and vomits;
problems with the stool, when diarrhea is replaced by constipation;
blood glucose level drops sharply;
the kidneys begin to function poorly, which leads to frequent nighttime urination;
a person’s attention is seriously impaired, memory worsens;
a person often falls into a depressed state, even when he is on vacation;
if we are talking about women, then they begin to lose hair on the pubis and under the arms;
sex drive is greatly reduced.

About hyperaldosteronism

Here we are talking about serious disorders in which aldosterone is produced to a large extent by certain glands.

These failures can occur for a number of reasons:

the liver has serious disorders;
there is nephritis in a chronic form;
the presence of heart failure.

If there is a deficiency of the cortex, then immunity can be impaired, which leads to a complete breakdown of the entire human body. As for the immediate causes of such a process, they are as follows:

after childbirth there may be necrosis;
the pituitary gland is affected;
there are malignant tumors;
for a long time the infection affects the body.

The signs are as follows:

muscles are very weak;
migraine starts;
there may be tachycardia;
a person gets tired very quickly;
convulsive conditions may occur;
swelling occurs;
there may be problems with the stool, and, most often, constipation is present in this regard, however, many diseases of the adrenal glands have such a symptom.

The occurrence of tumors

It should be noted that such neoplasms are most often benign in nature, and their appearance is quite rare. But why such organs begin to swell is not exactly known today, but there is reason to believe that there is a hereditary factor.

Such organs begin hormonal production, one keeps material metabolism under control, as well as pressure and sex-type hormones, and human adrenal hormones are very important for the normal functioning of the body. If we talk about the main symptoms of such a violation, then everything here is directly dependent on which hormones are secreted in excessive amounts.

As for the signs of tumors, they differ in the following features:

the pressure rises strongly, other ailments may differ in this sign;
heart rhythm is faltering;
muscles are significantly weakened;
at night, a person often wants to go to the toilet;
headache often;
in in large numbers sweat comes out;
a person often experiences a feeling of panic;
a person becomes irritable, and, for no apparent reason;
shortness of breath, even at rest;
a person often feels sick and vomits;
the abdomen and chest area is very sore;
the face either reddens or turns pale;
sexual development is disturbed;
appearance is changing, and this applies to both men and women;
the skin becomes bluish;
suffering from convulsions;
joints are constantly aching;
blood sugar levels are disturbed;
a person often shudders, shivering;
dryness is felt in the oral cavity.

The retina is affected by hemorrhage, the lungs swell, cerebral circulation is violated. The adrenal cortex may be affected.

About Nelson Syndrome

If there is acute insufficiency then an acute coma sets in. Not infrequently, this condition can affect newborns if there were difficult childbirth or infectious diseases. Here it is necessary urgent help medical nature, hospitalization of the person is mandatory. And what are the symptoms associated with such an ailment:

the work of the heart is seriously disturbed;
pressure drops;
the intestines and stomach are upset;
mental disorders begin;
very little strength;
a person constantly feels weak;
appetite is disturbed;
the skin is affected by pigmentation;
rapid weight loss;
blood sugar levels decrease;
sweat profusely;
hands and feet get cold;
consciousness is disturbed;
urination rare;
a person often faints, moreover, a coma may develop.

The adrenal glands can show symptoms of a different nature, these are the most common. It should be noted that the symptoms of human adrenal disease can often be similar to other ailments. So, problems with human adrenal glands are often mistaken for other diseases.

What are the characteristics of diseases in women

If women begin to produce a lot of male hormones, then significant changes occur in the body. If there are many hormones in the body male type, then the most important violation is that a woman can be able to conceive and bear a child. Therefore, it is very important for women with an excess of male hormones to be constantly under the supervision of a gynecologist so that the pregnancy is not disrupted. In this case, it is especially important that the adrenal glands function normally and normal blood supply to the adrenal glands be ensured and the cortical layer of the adrenal glands be preserved as much as possible.

It is very important to regularly monitor the level of male hormones so that treatment can be adjusted. If we talk about methods of treatment, then in most cases, an artificial analogue of cortisol is used here. It is with the help of such drugs that it is possible to minimize the effect of the pituitary gland on the glands.

The question is very important - how to treat the adrenal glands in women, it has its own characteristics, you need to consult an experienced gynecologist, since the function of the adrenal glands is very important.

If the adrenal glands have male-type hormones, then there may be autoimmune lesions female adrenals. The structure of the impact on the body here is exclusively negative. Inflammatory process can begin suddenly, and such a process can lead to the most serious consequences.

Adrenal hormones and their functions and table

It indicates what the hormones in the human body are responsible for, what hormones the adrenal glands secrete, what work is assigned to certain organs.

Diagnosis and treatment of the adrenal glands

In order to identify violations of such an organ, there are quite a few diagnostic methods:

urine and blood tests are needed;
hormonal tests;
in order to identify the size of the pituitary gland, it is necessary to make a cranial x-ray;
tomography by computer;
magnetic type tomography;
you need to do an x-ray of the skeleton, so you can identify the presence of osteoporosis.

The size of the adrenal glands is of great importance in the diagnosis of their norm.

To restore the functionality of the organs, first of all, it is necessary to take contraceptives that are hormonal in nature. To help the glands, you need to consume vitamins B and C, herbs, so that the gland functions properly.

It must be understood that if the glands are functioning normally, then the pledge good health. It is very important to eat rationally, lead a healthy lifestyle, adhere to a certain daily routine, and people who are outside the home should do this. Even if the body is very depleted, everything can be adjusted, so that the restoration of the adrenal glands is possible at almost all stages, such is the anatomy of the adrenal glands.

It should be noted that the adrenal glands and their anatomy are truly unique. To restore the work of the adrenal glands, you need to clearly follow medical advice then you can quickly improve your well-being. It is necessary to restore the normal functioning of the hormones produced by the kidneys. A hormonal failure most often happens because people do not lead the right lifestyle, which increases dysfunction.