Fibrocystic disease. FCM of the mammary glands - what is it and how to treat the disease? Fibrocystic mastopathy of the breast

After 30 years, every woman should conduct an independent breast examination at least once a month, and also regularly visit a mammologist. This will allow compactions to be detected at an early stage and their nature to be established. The diagnosis of “mastopathy” causes fear in women, as it is associated with cancer. However, this benign formation rarely develops into malignant form. At an early stage, it can be treated with medication. IN in some cases seals are removed surgically.

Content:

What is the disease

Fibrous- cystic mastopathy is a violation of the structure of the mammary gland, formed due to the pathological proliferation of glandular and fibrous tissues and the appearance of voids (cysts) filled with fluid. There are diffuse forms of mastopathy ( extensive lesion breast tissue) and nodular (one or more compactions that do not have clear boundaries).

Seals may form with a predominance of one tissue (glandular, connective). Sometimes cystic neoplasms occur (with a predominance of voids). Mixed mastopathy often occurs.

The disease can be recognized by the following symptoms:

1. Swelling of the mammary gland, pain. This condition is easily confused with premenstrual tension of the gland, when pain also appears, which subsequently goes away.
2. Change in shape, asymmetrical arrangement of nipples.
3. The appearance of compactions with unclear boundaries, not fused to the skin, which distinguishes them from cancerous tumors.

Causes of the disease

The causes of mastopathy are hormonal disorders associated with ovarian diseases, thyroid gland, adrenal glands and pituitary gland. Hormones are produced here that are responsible for the functionality of the reproductive system and the condition of the mammary glands (estrogen, progesterone, prolactin). The disease occurs when there is an abnormal decrease in progesterone levels due to an increase in estrogen or prolactin levels. Most often the disease occurs in women of reproductive age (30-50 years). At the same time, an abnormal disturbance in the composition of hormones cannot always be noticed against the background of natural age-related changes. Therefore it is necessary to pay Special attention for any unusual symptoms, especially if lumps are detected.

It should be noted: Women who are overweight are at risk. Obesity not only indicates a hormonal imbalance, but also makes it difficult to detect lumps by palpation.

To treat fibrocystic mastopathy, it is necessary to eliminate the causes that caused the hormonal imbalance. The most common ones are:

• diseases of the stomach and intestines;
• liver diseases;
• diabetes.

The causes of hormonal disorders can be interrupted pregnancy or refusal to breastfeed. The factor of heredity is important, as well as the influence of environmental problems and stressful situations.

Video: Causes, treatment and prevention of fibrocystic mastopathy

Diagnosis of FC mastopathy

In order to choose a method of getting rid of fibrocystic mastopathy, an examination is carried out using the following methods:

• mammography ( X-ray examination seals);
• laboratory blood test for hormone levels;
• ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the mammary glands;
• biopsy (tissue collection from the lump using a thin needle and subsequent examination of its composition);
• pneumocystography (examination of fluid filling cysts).

Important: Most often start timely treatment allows a careful examination of the mammary glands, carried out independently. You need to know how to carry it out correctly in order to detect individual lumps, enlarged axillary lymph nodes.

Treatment of FC mastopathy

There are 2 methods of treating fibrocystic mastopathy:

1. Conservative. Carried out with the help of hormonal drugs, medications general purpose, diets.
2. Surgical removal diseased tissue.

Conservative treatment involves normalizing hormonal ratios and reducing the size of the lumps. Depending on the cause of the disease, the patient is referred for examination to a gynecologist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist or other specialist.

Restoring hormonal balance

It consists primarily of eliminating the disease that caused the hormonal imbalance. Stabilization of condition endocrine glands, gastrointestinal tract helps prevent the appearance of new formations, reduce the size of existing ones, reduce or remove painful sensations.

Treatment with hormonal drugs is prescribed individually and is carried out under the supervision of a doctor. Medicines are used in the form of tablets, injections or gels applied to the mammary gland. Women under 35 years of age may be prescribed hormonal contraceptives.

It should be emphasized: Treatment is carried out strictly as prescribed by the doctor, since uncontrolled use of hormonal drugs can cause menstrual irregularities, obesity and other complications.

Video: What to eat for fibrocystic mastopathy

Drug treatment

The following drugs are used:

1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac). Relieving pain helps restore sleep.
2. Vitamin complexes to strengthen the immune system.
3. Homeopathic remedies are also taken to strengthen the body's defenses (Mastopol, Mastodinon).
4. Antidepressants and sleeping pills. They are prescribed for depression, irritability, insomnia (signs accompanying fibrocystic mastopathy).
5. Diuretics. They are taken to eliminate swelling of the breast tissue that occurs with mastopathy. Under the influence of these drugs, the outflow of blood through the veins improves, and its circulation in the tissues of the mammary gland improves. Increased excretion of urine leads to a decrease in the content of potassium and magnesium in the blood. Without these elements, normal functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Therefore, diuretics are usually taken simultaneously with drugs containing these elements.
6. Iodine preparations. It is especially important to use them in the initial stage of treatment. They improve the functioning of the thyroid gland. The hormones that it produces are necessary for normal functioning reproductive system, regulation of the menstrual cycle.

The role of dietary nutrition in FC mastopathy

The therapeutic diet includes fortified foods with a reduced content of carbohydrates and fats. It is necessary to improve the functioning of the digestive system. It is recommended to consume seafood (algae, fish, shellfish, caviar) containing iodine. Walnuts and mushrooms are high in this microelement.

You can use traditional medicine recipes for preparing decoctions to improve sleep, relieve pain, and also have a diuretic effect, containing iodine and other useful elements.

The use of thermal procedures, including physiotherapy, in the treatment of FC mastopathy is not recommended, as they can intensify inflammatory processes.

Video: The importance of diet for mastopathy

Surgical treatment of FC mastopathy

Fibrocystic mastopathy, treatment of which with conservative methods does not bring results, is eliminated surgically. Surgical removal of affected tissue is prescribed in the following cases:

• is happening fast growth neoplasms;
• treatment with medications is not possible due to diabetes mellitus;
• a biopsy reveals malignant degeneration;
• available genetic predisposition to breast cancer.

During the operation, a separate sector of the mammary gland is removed, in which cysts and lumps are found (sectoral resection). The operation is performed within 40 minutes under general anesthesia.

After the operation, antibiotics and vitamins are prescribed. As necessary, pain relief and sedatives are administered. Can be applied hormonal treatment to prevent relapses. In this case, the woman needs to treat the underlying disease that caused the imbalance of hormones with the help of appropriate medications prescribed by a specialist.

Breast glands are formed from different types of tissue. Throughout a woman's life, her breasts can change shape and size. When the histological structure is disrupted, cysts, lumps or tumors can form. The most common disease in this area is FMC of the mammary glands.

FCM of the mammary glands is a benign disease, the cause of which is most often a gap in the proportions between the junction and epithelial materials. Doctors make this diagnosis if they find lumps in a woman’s breast.

The disease is more common after 45 years of age, but can occur during childbearing age. With complications, some forms of FCM can transform into malignant neoplasms.

Forms of mastopathy

Pathology develops regardless of age. At first, its progression is virtually unnoticeable to the woman, but sometimes vice versa clinical picture manifests itself quite clearly: discharge from the nipples, painful manifestations, thickening throughout the entire breast or only in one place.

Soreness differs from its manifestations before menstruation. If mastopathy is not treated, it can have serious consequences.

Diffuse dishormonal mastopathy

The difference between diffuse mastopathy and other forms is that it affects the entire mammary gland. Typically, more than half of women suffer from this form. The main patients are female bodybuilders taking various hormones, especially estrogens and progesterones.

Cysts formed during the disease change their size during menstruation. They can be dense or watery, mobile during examination. Possible various secretions from the nipples, aching, bursting pain. Mandatory monitoring of their growth and other changes is required.

The causes of this disease may be:

Nodular mastopathy

The disease is characterized by the existence of transformations in the mammary glands: nodes, soft tissue cysts, hardening of the breasts during menstruation, increased sensitivity, fluid discharge, and growth of gland lobules. Identification of individual atypical cells is a condition increased danger cancer diseases.

Therapy for nodular mastopathy is successful only at the onset of the disease. Further treatment involves surgical intervention. Unlike diagnosis, in the nodular form of the disease, fingering is prohibited.

Types of mastopathy

Mastopathy is divided into 3 main types:

• fibrous;
• cystic;
• mixed.

Fibrous type

If fibrous tissue grows atypically, then the pathology is of the fibrous type. With a certain nature and untreated mastopathy, the cells may degenerate into malignant ones.

Cystic type

This type of mastopathy is often combined with a woman’s existing gynecological diseases, including menstrual irregularities. A cyst can form not only in soft tissues breasts, but also in the ovaries. Multiple cysts and nodules cause pain and discomfort. Cases of detection of cystic mastopathy in men are rare, but they do occur.

After finishing menopause the risk of disease is reduced. If there is no therapy, there is a fairly high probability of cells degenerating into malignant ones.

Mixed view

Mixed fibrocystic disease mammary glands usually preceded by liver and thyroid diseases, chronic female diseases, abortions, lack of breastfeeding, and stressful conditions. There is enlargement of the lobules and enlargement of the ducts.

Palpation reveals a smooth oval or round compaction with unclear contours, as well as small grain size and coarsening of the lobules. The spread of fibrous tissue with cysts is usually present in both breasts, although tenderness may be present in only one.

Reasons for development

The reasons for the development of this disease lie in the violation hormonal levels: a large increase in estrogen, which leads to a lack of progesterone. This imbalance gradually leads to changes in the mammary glands.

Symptoms according to the form of pathology

Signs of mastopathy and its manifestations largely depend on the physical and psychological state women. The pain comes from stagnation of blood. Women usually call this breast engorgement.

Sometimes the pain is unbearable even from touching clothing.

Soreness and swelling decreases after the end of menstruation. The longer the disease continues, the pain becomes incessant. All this leads to failure in emotional state women, creates a state of irritation, aggressiveness or, conversely, tearfulness.

Echo signs by ultrasound

FCM of the mammary glands is often determined by echogram. Echosigns vary depending on the duration of the disease. Also important role The age of the subject plays a role in diagnosis. Ultrasound mammary gland in adolescence it determines a layered structure, forming an irregular mass shape.

Mammography diagnostician

When an unknown pattern of lumps appears in the mammary gland, mammography studies are prescribed to determine the severity. This procedure does not interfere with the structure of the breast tissue; no needles or surgical instruments, therefore it is considered safe.

Diagnostics

Some forms of the disease, in which small lumps and cysts form in large numbers, are difficult to detect during self-examination. Typically, women begin to see a specialist only when they appear unpleasant symptoms, such as: breast pain, changes in menstrual cycle or nipple discharge.

FMC is diagnosed using mammography. If present, visible in the picture pathological changes mammary gland, enlarged lymph nodes, focus of diseases. The mammologist will determine their number, nature, volume, and uniformity. In the photograph, cystic and fibroadenoma formations have the shape of an oval or circle with clear edges.

If there are such complaints, a qualified doctor will prescribe an ultrasound scan. To confirm the diagnosis, a biochemical blood test may be required. If a cyst or tumor is detected, a puncture is prescribed. FCM of the mammary glands on ultrasound images manifests itself in the form of thickening of the walls of the ducts, increased echogenicity of the glandular layer due to the large number of fibrous structures.

Treatment

Treatment of this disease begins with a high-quality diagnosis using mammography and ultrasound, which is most effectively carried out on the fifth day of the menstrual cycle. If there is swelling, you can take diuretics, or a complex of vitamins to increase metabolism. For pain in the mammary glands, anti-inflammatory therapy is used.

If during the course of the disease, there is nervous breakdown, sedatives and antidepressants are prescribed. Much attention should be paid to vitamins. Their use alleviates the woman’s condition in general. For pain relief, you can additionally use ointments that help reduce inflammation and swelling.

In case of severe advanced form

FCM of the mammary glands in an advanced form is treated with surgery or puncture. If the diagnosis reveals diseases associated with mastopathy in endocrinology or gynecology, treatment is prescribed along with the recommendations of doctors in these areas.

For greater effectiveness, the diseases that cause FCM of the mammary glands are initially treated and hormonal therapy is used.

Non-hormonal treatments

Non-hormonal treatments include diet, taking vitamins and anti-inflammatory drugs, and diuretics that improve blood circulation. The prescribed drug Mastodinon, which does not contain hormones, effectively reduces tumors.

It is also necessary to take products containing:

• phospholipids;
• zinc;
• carotene;
• selenium.

The duration of such treatment is approximately 4 months.

For FMC, vitamin therapy is carried out, which includes taking vitamins A, E, B, C, P, PP. The doctor prescribes iodine-containing medications (Iodine-Active, Iodomorin). Due to psycho-emotional instability of patients, they use sedatives(valerian, motherwort).

It is mandatory to take medications that stimulate immune system. They are often replaced with herbal remedies (radiola, eleutherococcus). Medicines from NSAID groups form the basis of therapy (Nise, Indomethacin), which is supplemented with diuretics (Lysix, Fitolysin).

Hormone therapy

Hormonal drugs can be taken only after a blood test. The drugs are initially prescribed in a minimal dose, as side effects such as sleep disorders are possible. Under no circumstances should you self-medicate.

Treatment is prescribed by a highly qualified specialist, taking into account all the results of the preliminary examination:

• blood tests;
• mammography;
• palpation.

For complete cure Hormonal medications must be used for at least 4 months. Preferably drugs that have plant based or for external use. Only in severe cases is it possible to use more serious hormonal medications.

Homeopathy

Homeopathy is a good help for the treatment of mastopathy. According to the current theory, this treatment is used by applying small doses of the compounds that caused the disease. Remedies come in plant and animal bases. The components of these drugs are thoroughly diluted.

Homeopathic remedies do not have side effects and are widely used as an addition to traditional treatment. They have a gentle effect on the body, are easily tolerated, and allergic reactions do not occur after taking them. You cannot take risks using products from manufacturers from Asian countries, which often have not undergone medical research in Russia.

Preparations:

• relieve swelling;
• pain stops;
• normalize hormonal levels;
• relieve inflammation;
• significantly reduce the risk of cancer.

Diet

Diet is one of the main indicators of the effectiveness of treatment.

The following foods should be excluded from your diet:

• Bread and flour.
• All kinds of sweets, including honey.
• Saltiness and smokedness.
• Fried and fatty foods.

Smoking and alcohol should be excluded. Drinking alcoholic beverages negatively affects a woman’s recovery.

Traditional methods of treatment

Tinctures, herbal infusions, the products made for compresses have earned the attention of our grandmothers. The test of time has been carried out, and folk remedies actually confirm their effectiveness in the treatment of mastopathy. They have no contraindications and do not have an allergic effect on the body. Ointments can be combined with most medications.

Here are some plants that help in the treatment of mastopathy:

Why is mastopathy dangerous?

It is important to find out about the disease at the very beginning of its development. To avoid being at risk, every woman should be examined at least twice a year. The examination must be complete, including ultrasound and mammography. Mastopathy has a negative impact on a woman’s reproductive system and greatly worsens the condition of the thyroid gland.

During illness, the nervous system is severely depleted, headaches that appear aggravate this condition, appetite disappears, which subsequently leads to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. If a woman misses the onset of the disease process and refuses treatment, there is a very Great chance cancer diseases.

Mastopathy is associated with genitourinary system. As a result of its development, there appear gynecological diseases, libido decreases.

If diagnostic measures carried out on time, qualified treatment was prescribed on time and the patient strictly followed it - the possibility of a complete recovery without consequences is very high.

Prevention of mastopathy

Regardless of the type and complexity of the disease, there are prevention methods that can prevent mastopathy of the mammary glands.

They are as follows:

Timely treatment helps to completely get rid of the problem. Many who discover breast lumps do not take any further action. All this leads to emergency surgery, without which advanced cases of FCM of the mammary glands cannot be cured.

After the intervention, the breast becomes deformed and requires even more expensive surgery. Doctors recommend being examined by a mammologist twice a year to avoid complications.

Article format: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about FCM of the mammary glands

Features of the disease and treatment of FCM of the mammary glands:

Dyshormonal disease in which there is overgrowth tissues and the formation of cysts is called fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands. We will consider the treatment, causes, and symptoms of this pathology in the article.

Every year, about a million women hear the terrible diagnosis of breast cancer. And, unfortunately, these numbers are steadily growing. Not everyone knows that this disease is often preceded by fibrocystic mastopathy. What it is? As mentioned above, this is a hormone-dependent disease, which is characterized by various changes in the mammary gland - both proliferation (increase) and regression (decrease) in the tissues can be observed. Also in the gland, changes occur in the ratio of connective tissue and epithelial components, as a result of which either cystic or fibrous components may predominate.

Causes of pathology

Formations in the mammary gland most often develop due to hormonal cyclic changes in a woman’s body. Hormones affect the mammary gland, which as a result undergoes various changes - from the onset of puberty and the gradual growth of the gland to pregnancy and breastfeeding.

If hormones for some reason do not control these processes, dysfunction occurs in the mammary gland, and changes occur in the tissues - fibrous or cystic.

Provoking factors for imbalance in the hormonal background of the female body are:

• overwork;

  pregnancy;

  sexual dysfunction;

  liver diseases;

  endocrine and gynecological pathologies;

  heredity.

The main reason for the development of mastopathy is an increase in the level of the hormone estrogen in the body and a decrease in the hormone progesterone.

In the event that for some reason the content of progesterone in the body decreases, swelling occurs in the mammary gland, the connective tissue increases in volume, and cysts form in the gland.

The following categories of women are at risk:

Often mastopathy is accompanied by such ailments as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, inflammatory diseases uterine appendages.

Classification of mastopathy

Exist various shapes diseases "fibrous cystic mastopathy":

fibrous form (fibroadenosis) - the fibrous component predominates;

fibrocystic — the cystic component predominates;

adenosis - the glandular component predominates;

mixed form (all components);

sclerosing adenosis.

All this applies to diffuse mastopathy. There is also a nodular one. In this form of the disease, limited painful compactions are found, over time they can increase in size.

Signs of fibrocystic mastopathy

The diffuse form is initial stage disease, it is characterized by the appearance of painful sensations in the mammary glands before menstruation (several days before). Many women complain that their mammary gland hurts during the premenstrual period. Symptoms of mastopathy are most often mild and therefore can easily be mistaken for typical monthly swelling of the mammary glands. As a rule, the pain goes away with the onset of “critical days.”

Gradually the pain intensifies, its duration and intensity increases. Painful discomfort often spreads to the shoulder blade, armpit, neck, and any touch to the chest is unpleasant.

Mastalgia (masoplasia, mastodynia) is the initial stage of a disease such as diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy. Reviews from women indicate pain and thickening of the tissue. Palpation of the mammary glands confirms these symptoms. This condition occurs most often in women under 35 years of age. All manifestations disappear after the onset of menstruation.

Over time painful signs fibrocystic mastopathy weaken. In the mammary glands, areas of compaction that do not have clear boundaries, coarsening of the glandular lobes, and fine granularity are felt. When pressing on the nipples, discharge appears of various nature. During the premenstrual period, painful lumps increase, and with the onset of menstruation they decrease. However, complete softening of the glands before normal condition not happening.

The next stage of the disease is nodular mastopathy. In this form, nodules become more distinct, and large cysts are often found. Such neoplasms can be localized in one mammary gland or in both, and can be single or multiple.

Nodular seals are formed in diffuse mastopathy with the preservation of all its symptoms: rough lobulation, heaviness, granularity, discharge from the nipples. The lumps can be easily felt in a standing position; in a lying position, their boundaries are not defined; the surrounding lumps of the mammary gland hide the nodules. This form of mastopathy is most often diagnosed in women over 30-50 years of age.

Diagnostics

We discussed the symptoms, causes and forms of such a disease as fibrocystic mastopathy, we know what it is. Now let's talk about methods for diagnosing this pathology.

When a diagnosis of fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands is made, treatment can be prescribed only after thorough examination. The initial examination involves palpation of the mammary glands. To exclude possible diagnostic errors, it is preferable to schedule a visit to a mammologist on days 7-10 of the menstrual cycle. In addition, the doctor examines the axillary and clavicular lymph nodes.

Further diagnostics involves the following procedures:

Ultrasonography. The procedure is absolutely safe and can be used repeatedly over a short period of time. The study can be done during pregnancy and lactation. The use of this technique is difficult when there is a large amount of adipose tissue in the glands.

X-ray mammography. This procedure is the leading method for diagnosing breast pathologies: it is highly informative, makes it possible to identify small neoplasms, and allows for analysis of the dynamics of the disease. However, x-rays will not be informative enough when examining young women whose mammary glands have a dense consistency. This procedure is also contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Doppler sonography. The method allows you to more clearly differentiate various breast diseases.

Puncture and obtained biomaterial. The procedure is performed if there is a suspicion of a tumor disease and atypia.

For an illness such as fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands, treatment should be started after consultation with related specialists: a gynecologist, an endocrinologist, a psychotherapist.

Treatment

Since there are various forms of the disease “fibrous cystic mastopathy” (fibrous form or nodular form), treatment is carried out different methods. First of all, it is necessary to eliminate the causes and factors due to which mastopathy developed.

Treatment of diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy is carried out using conservative methods. Drug therapy involves the use of hormonal and non-hormonal agents. Hormonal drugs are prescribed in case of urgent need and based on the results of a comprehensive examination.

Moderate fibrocystic mastopathy requires adherence to a certain diet: exclusion of too fatty foods, caffeine, and alcoholic beverages.

Non-hormonal therapy

For mastalgia use:

Decongestants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics (Ibuprofen, Nurofen, etc.).

Medicines that improve blood circulation (B vitamins).

Calming and sedatives (motherwort, valerian).

Physiotherapy is performed (electrophoresis using potassium iodide).

Herbal medicine is carried out on the basis of such drugs as Mastodinon, Vitokan, Tazalok.

It is extremely important to wear comfortable underwear. Using a bra that is the wrong size or shape can cause breast deformation, pain and swelling.

Hormone therapy

Mastopathy can develop due to hormonal imbalance in the body. To normalize female sex hormones, antihormones are prescribed - the drugs Tamoxifen and Toremifene. For the same purpose, oral contraceptives are used - medicines "Marvelon" and "Zhanine", under the influence of which the production of steroids, estrogens, and androgens is suppressed and stabilized hormonal levels in organism. The doctor may also prescribe the use of gestagens - progesterone preparations (Duphaston, Utrozhestan), these drugs inhibit the growth of cysts and promote subsequent gradual regression. In some cases, experts prescribe antiprolactins (Parlodel), androgens (Methyltestosterone), and gonadotropin antagonists (Buserelin and Zoladex).

Remember, only qualified specialist should treat fibrocystic mastopathy! Medicines recommended by a specialist should be taken strictly according to the instructions.

Homeopathy

In the treatment of this disease, various homeopathic remedies. Patients and doctors who treated fibrocystic mastopathy with these drugs leave mostly positive reviews: these drugs effectively reduce prolactin levels without causing any side effects. These medications include Cyclodinone, Remens, Mastodinon.

Diet

With this disease, it is very important to adjust your diet. All products containing methylxanthines should be excluded: coffee, tea, chocolate of any kind, cola, cocoa. It is also recommended to avoid eating smoked foods and pickles. IN daily diet must be present fresh vegetables, fiber-rich fruits, citruses, cereals. In addition to 2 liters of water per day, it is also recommended to drink herbal teas, which have a diuretic and decongestant effect. You should limit your salt intake, as it contributes to the accumulation of fluid in the body and tissue swelling.

Alternative medicine

Fibrocystic mastopathy is treated not only with medications, but also with non-traditional methods. Reviews from friends and acquaintances about folk ways therapy for this disease should not become a guide to action. Any therapeutic measures should be carried out only after consultation with a specialist.

As a supplement to the main treatment, the attending physician may recommend proven folk recipes.

Surgical intervention for nodular mastopathy

Surgery is used if aspiration biopsy reveals proliferative changes in the mammary gland epithelium during aspiration biopsy. Sectoral resection (linear excision of tissue) and mastectomy (removal of a section of the gland) are used.

It is important to remember that fibrocystic disease is Therefore, in no case should you ignore regular visits to the doctor and medical examinations. Self-medication, in turn, can cause the development of health-threatening conditions, including breast cancer. Treatment in this case is much more serious: breast chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and complex surgery are performed.

Conclusion

After reading this article, you learned more about such a disease as fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands; we reviewed the treatment, causes and symptoms of the pathology. We hope you find the information useful. Take care of yourself, be attentive to your condition, immediately responding to the slightest changes in the body. And be healthy!

Discomfort and painful sensations in the mammary glands are familiar to many women firsthand. But few people immediately turn to a mammologist with complaints. Some people do not want to spend time and money on diagnostics, while others are pessimistic and make the worst assumptions and are afraid to find out the cause of their illness. And thereby delaying timely treatment of one of the most common breast diseases.

Let's figure out whether you should worry about receiving a diagnosis of fibrocystic mastopathy, what symptoms and causes are typical for it, and how favorable is the outcome if detected in a timely manner?

To understand the issue, you need to briefly explain what the mammary gland is.

The mammary gland is a paired organ on the surface pectoral muscle. It consists of three types of tissues - glandular, connective and adipose. Glandular tissue is found not only in the breast, but throughout the body. It lines the inner surface of some organs and performs the function of secreting secretory fluids, which include breast milk. The glands are divided into lobes and smaller lobules by connective tissue, or stroma. And the third - adipose tissue– forms a kind of “cushion” in which glands and stroma are located.

The breast is not a static organ. During a woman's life, it undergoes changes controlled by hormones. For example, during the period after childbirth, the gland ducts increase, accumulating milk. And after stopping feeding, the stroma is replaced by adipose tissue. The same happens in the chest with age. hormonal changes, only the glandular tissue is replaced by adipose tissue.

It is disruptions in the proper functioning of hormones - estrogen, progesterone and prolactin - that can lead to the development of FCM 1.

What is fibrocystic mastopathy

So, hormonal imbalances change the natural balance between epithelial and connective tissue. Connective tissue grows, leading to benign neoplasm, which is called fibrocystic mastopathy. It is these changes that cause various pain sensations, which we will talk about later 2.

Risk group

We have already found out that the cause of FCM is hormonal imbalance. Accordingly, women with diseases that disrupt the production of sex hormones - estrogen, progesterone, prolactin - are at risk. Most often, such changes overtake women between the ages of 18 and 40 years. Much less often - men. Long-term treatment hormonal drugs also increases the risk of developing fibrocystic mastopathy, as well as a large number of childbirth, abortion. TO hormonal imbalances may lead to refusal of breastfeeding, long absence pregnancy (after 30 years).

Secondary factors can be considered everything that indirectly relates to hormonal imbalances. These are diseases of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and disorders of the pituitary gland. Heredity, including if fibrocystic mastopathy was identified in close relatives. And of course, nutrition problems, bad habits and regular stress. All this has a negative impact on women's health in general and on breast health in particular.

It is also important for women to protect themselves from injuries to the mammary glands. For example, squeezing your breasts with a tight bra can have a very negative impact on your breast health 3 .

Symptoms

The first signs that a woman can notice on her own are:

• pain in the chest that radiates to the shoulder or armpit;
• increased nipple sensitivity;
• swelling, distension and painful tension of the glands shortly before menstruation;
• compactions that are detected upon palpation;
• nipple discharge.

Any of these signs is a reason to visit a mammologist. And it must be said that fibrocystic mastopathy is early stages development can be detected even if the woman did not notice any of the above signs at all. This is why doctors insist on regular examinations 1 .

What could FCM be?

In total, more than 50 forms are known. But in clinical practice Most often, fibrocystic mastopathy is divided into diffuse and nodular. Diffuse is characterized by the formation of many formations throughout the mammary gland. Education can be:

• cystic;
• fibrous;
• glandular;
• mixed.

The nodular form is characterized by the appearance of one large compaction of different origin:

• it could be fibroadenoma
• cyst
• lipoma
• papilloma, which forms inside the duct, etc. 2

Diagnostics

As mentioned, in the early stages the disease rarely manifests itself as severe discomfort. Therefore, a woman needs to be regularly examined by a mammologist.

The examination is carried out in the first phase of the cycle. At the appointment, the doctor will collect anamnesis, find out previous complaints, prerequisites for the occurrence and determine whether the woman is at risk.

Then a visual examination of the chest and palpation is performed in two positions: standing and lying down. Palpation includes checking the axillary and supraclavicular nodes, squeezing the nipples for the presence of discharge.

Then the doctor can prescribe instrumental diagnostics. This includes:

1. Mammography is an x-ray examination that is indicated for women at risk and after 35 years. The method allows you to identify even those seals that could not be identified by palpation.

2. Ultrasound of the mammary glands - the most safe method which can be performed on pregnant and lactating women. However, its functionality is limited.

3. Needle biopsy– prescribed if the doctor has discovered a suspicious area. Using a fine-needle puncture, material from the pathological focus is taken for examination.

4. Study of hormonal status - these are tests for the level of main hormones.

5. Biochemical blood test - the analysis is carried out to exclude concomitant extragenital pathologies.

6. Additionally, MRI, examination of the milk ducts, examination of cavity formation, digital and laser mammography are prescribed 2.

Treatment of mastopathy

If mastopathy is detected, treatment is mandatory. The basis of therapy is hormonal or non-hormonal treatment, in some cases surgical. Tactics depend on several factors that the doctor must take into account:

• the presence of a pathology that accompanies or has become the cause of the disease
• Is pregnancy planned?
• whether the woman is interested in contraception.

Hormonal treatment of mastopathy

The goal of hormonal therapy for mastopathy is to reduce the effect male hormones(androgens) and female hormones (estrogens). At the same time, the effect of the gestagenic component of female sex hormones (progesterone) increases.

Non-hormonal treatment of mastopathy

1. Vitamin supplements. Of interest in this sense are vitamins A, E, B6, PP, P, and ascorbic acid. They are able to act in a complex manner: have an anti-estrogenic effect, reduce the production of prolactin, while simultaneously enhancing the effect of progesterone and reducing swelling of the mammary glands due to a strengthening effect on blood vessels.

2. Herbal medicines. Likewise vitamin supplements have a positive impact on hormonal balance and reduce prolactin production.

3. NSAIDs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed for severe pain syndrome, relieve swelling and discomfort.

4. Iodine preparations. If there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, these drugs normalize its functioning.

5. Immune stimulants. Otherwise, these drugs are called adaptogens.

6. Sedatives. They have a positive effect on the psycho-emotional state of a woman.

7. Diuretics are designed to reduce swelling in the mammary glands and reduce the pain caused by it.

Surgery

It represents the removal of a focus of nodular mastopathy, or enucleation (enucleation) of a tumor or cyst 3.

Prevention

How to properly check?

1. To begin, stand in front of a mirror with your torso bare and lower your arms down. Remember for a future examination how symmetrical the glands are, whether their shapes, contours and sizes are correct. Skin color should be natural and uniform, the same goes for the color and shape of the nipples.

2. Bend to the sides and evaluate how evenly the breasts move, whether recesses and elevations appear, and whether there is any discharge.

3. When palpating in a lying or standing position, pay attention to whether there are any compactions or hardening.

Since the appearance of mastopathy is associated with hormonal changes, it is not always possible to prevent it. However, some measures are quite feasible and necessary to maintain overall health:

• eliminate constant stressful conditions;
• avoid injuries to the mammary glands, do not wear tight and uncomfortable underwear;
• lead a healthy lifestyle, give up bad habits;
• remember about potential harm abortion for health;
• adhere to the principles of breastfeeding 2.

FAQ

What are the consequences of mastopathy?

It must be remembered that FCM is a benign formation. Women with mastopathy have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Hormonal imbalances against which it develops can have a detrimental effect on the reproductive system. And yet on initial stages identifying and treating mastopathy provides an almost 100% guarantee of cure, which is why it is so important to visit a doctor regularly 2 .

Do I need to change my lifestyle if I have mastopathy?

Once diagnosed, the doctor, in addition to prescribing treatment, will recommend that the woman adhere to certain rules. For example, it is undesirable to carry out any thermal procedures - tanning, solarium, baths, saunas, hot baths.

Due to the high content of substances that contribute to the deterioration of the condition, chocolate, coffee, tea and cocoa are excluded. With a concomitant iodine deficiency, any seafood will not be out of place on the table 2.

Are traditional methods of treating mastopathy effective?
The truly effective treatment will be the one prescribed by the doctor based on the diagnostic results. Self-treatment– these are attempts to act at random, while you can immediately influence the cause and preserve invaluable health.

• 1. Mammology. National leadership / Ed. HELL. Kaprina, N.I. Rozhkova. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2016 - 496. ISBN 978-5-9704-3729-2
• 2. Zaitsev V. F. Mastopathy (diagnosis and treatment) / V. F. Zaitsev, V. V. Moiseenko. - Mn.: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus, 2009. – 72 p.
• 3. Letyagin V.P. Treatment of benign and malignant diseases of the mammary gland / V.P. Letyagin [et al.] - M.: Rondo, 1997. - 287 p.

Mastopathy - benign disease, which developed as a result of an existing imbalance between hormones (progesterone, prolactin and estrogens) in the body. This leads to the growth of connective and glandular tissue in the mammary gland, which is why seals and/or cysts of different sizes form in it.

Some statistics

In the world, 70 to 80% of women suffer from mastopathy. That is, 7-8 women out of 10. Moreover, women aged 30 to 45 years are most often affected by this disease.

Produced in the pituitary gland (located in the brain). Strengthens cell division in the mammary gland, stimulates the production breast milk, increases the number of estrogen receptors in the mammary gland.

Normally, prolactin synthesis is suppressed by dopamine (a biologically active substance that transmits nerve impulse through nerve cells).

Causes of mastopathy

Causes of hormonal imbalance

The production of estrogen-binding protein is disrupted, so its (estrogen) activity increases significantly.

1. The level of aromatase (produced in the adrenal glands) is increased - an enzyme that converts androgens (male sex hormones, which are synthesized in small quantities in women) into estrogens.
2. The number of receptors and/or their sensitivity to estrogen in the mammary glands is increased.

Types of mastopathy

There are two main forms of the disease: diffuse and nodular mastopathy.

Diffuse mastopathy

Symptoms of diffuse mastopathy

• Breast engorgement, tenderness (mastalgia), swelling and tenderness of the mammary glands (mastodynia).
• When palpated, compaction of the entire mammary gland or only one area of ​​it is noted. Or small-sized (about the size of a grain of rice) fine-grained foci of compaction are found, scattered in the mammary glands (mainly in the upper part).
• A clear or greenish-brown fluid may be discharged from the nipple.

Nodular mastopathy

Fibrous mastopathy (fibroadenoma)

Signs

• Painful sensations and enlargement of the mammary gland
• A clear or greenish-brownish fluid discharges from the nipples
• When palpating the mammary gland, dense nodes are detected

Cystic mastopathy

Signs

• Painful sensations in the area of ​​cyst formation
• The mammary gland increases in size and is painful
• Enlargement and tenderness of the axillary lymph nodes, as well as swelling of the tissue around them
• Transparent discharge from the nipples, and in case of infection, purulent.
• When palpating the mammary gland, elastic nodes of round or oval shape are determined

Fibrocystic mastopathy

It has manifestations characteristic of both fibrous and cystic nodular forms of mastopathy.

When palpated, both areas of breast compaction and oval or oval nodes may be detected. round shape loose and elastic consistency (soft to the touch).

Symptoms of mastopathy

Diagnosis of mastopathy

Which doctor should I contact if I have breast problems?

At the doctor's appointment

This will be followed by examination and palpation (feeling) of the mammary glands, lymph nodes (axillary, cervical) and thyroid gland (located on the front of the neck).

If necessary, the doctor will order an ultrasound of the mammary glands, either mammography (x-ray of the mammary glands with a lower level of radiation), or even a biopsy (excision of a piece of altered tissue followed by examination under a microscope).

After receiving all the results of the study, the doctor will prescribe treatment, which can be carried out either conservatively (using medications) or surgically (surgery).

Survey

Questions to answer in the doctor's office:

• How old are you?
• At what year of life did the first menstrual bleeding (menarche) appear?
• At what age did you have your first sexual intercourse?
• Is your sex life regular?
• Do you have menstrual irregularities?
• On what day of the menstrual cycle does the examination and consultation take place?
• How many pregnancies and births have you had? At what age?
• How many abortions and/or miscarriages have there been?
• What is the period of breastfeeding?
• How is defense against attack carried out? unwanted pregnancy?
• Do any close relatives (mother, sister, grandmother) have mastopathy or breast cancer?
• If there is no menstruation (menopause), then at what age?
• Are there any chronic diseases? If so, what medications are taken to treat them?

Examination and palpation of the mammary glands by a doctor

It is carried out in a standing and lying position using the pads of the fingers with a sequential examination of each quadrant of the mammary gland: upper outer, upper inner, lower inner, lower outer.

During examination and palpation, the doctor asks the woman to either raise her hands or put them on her belt. Then he compares changes in both mammary glands, and also palpates the lymph nodes. Next, the doctor presses on the nipples, trying to squeeze out liquid from them.

The recommended timing of examination is from 5 to 9-10 days of the menstrual cycle (the most optimal is from 5 to 7 days). During menopause, the day does not matter.

Signs of mastopathy revealed during examination and palpation of the mammary glands:

• Soreness, swelling and increased sensitivity
• The presence of nodular seals in a certain area or throughout the mammary gland
• Detection of round cysts in various areas
• Discharge from nipples when pressing on them
• Presence of areas of skin or nipple retraction
• Formation of raised or depressed areas on the skin
• Marked unevenness of the mammary glands (slight asymmetry is the norm)
• Increased skin color of the nipple and peripapillary area

Mammography

There are several methods of mammography depending on the method: projection, digital and film.

However, the most commonly used is film X-ray mammography with minimal exposure to X-rays - the gold standard for diagnosing breast diseases. The procedure is performed using a special device - a mammograph, which makes it possible to obtain an image of the mammary gland in two projections (direct and lateral).

Indications for the use of film X-ray mammography

• Complaints of pain and enlargement of the breast
• Recession or bulging of breast skin areas
• Nipple discharge
• Presence of lumps in the mammary gland
• Women over 30 years of age who have received radiation therapy in the chest area due to malignant neoplasm
• WITH for preventive purposes is carried out annually for all women starting from 40 years of age, and for women over 50 years of age - twice a year
• Women who have close relatives with breast and/or ovarian cancer

Technology

The patient stands in front of the device, and the mammary gland is located between two dense holders (they compress the gland) in order to reduce the thickness of the tissues that absorb x-ray radiation. That is, the tighter the compression, the more informative the results. In some patients, the procedure may cause pain or discomfort, but such a reaction is acceptable.

Signs of mastopathy

Fibrous changes. There are clear and dense strandy shadows, which can be located either in individual areas (fibroadenoma) or spread throughout the mammary gland ( diffuse mastopathy). In this case, connective tissue cords are located either along the glandular lobules, or along the milk ducts. While the contour of the lobules themselves is uneven.

Overgrowth of glandular tissue of the mammary gland (adenosis). There are multiple small focal shadows of irregular shape and jagged edges- enlarged lobules. Sometimes these shadows completely merge with each other, forming foci of compaction of glandular tissue (lobules).

Cystic changes. The general pattern of the mammary gland parenchyma is chaotic, and against its background there are formations of a round-oval shape of the same density.

Mixed nature of changes in the mammary gland occurs most often. In this case, mammography shows both areas of compaction and cystic formations(nodular fibrocystic mastopathy).

Ultrasound of the mammary glands

The recommended timing for menstruating women is from 5 to 9-10 days of the menstrual cycle (the most optimal is from 5 to 7 days), since the condition of the mammary glands changes during the cycle under the influence of hormones. During menopause, the day does not matter.

Methodology

The woman lies on her back with her hands behind her head. A transparent gel is applied to the skin of the area being examined, which ensures tight contact of the ultrasound sensor. Next, the doctor presses a sensor to the skin, the waves of which penetrate the tissue at different angles and, reflected from them, are displayed on the monitor.

Indications for use

• Diagnosis of cysts or lumps identified by palpation of the breast
• Examination of the mammary glands in women under 30 years of age, as well as during pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Recommended for all women over 35 years old once every 1-2 years, over 50 years old - twice a year
• Enlarged axillary lymph nodes

Diffuse mastopathy

On ultrasound, there are numerous small compactions that correspond to the proliferation of connective tissue, or small cysts (cavities with fluid), which are located evenly throughout the mammary gland.

Nodular mastopathy

Fibroadenoma It is represented by a limited area of ​​compaction in the mammary gland, which has clear boundaries.

Cystic form of mastopathy manifests itself in the form of the formation of cavities filled with liquid, which change their shape when pressed.

Fibrocystic mastopathy characterized by both the presence of cavities filled with liquid and areas of compaction. Formations have clear boundaries.

Biopsy and morphological examination

The method allows us to distinguish mastopathy from a malignant tumor of the mammary glands with great reliability. In 80-90% of cases, changes in the mammary gland are benign.

Indications for use

• The mamogram or ultrasound shows suspicious areas with altered breast tissue
• The presence of large cysts and/or areas of breast tissue compaction (more than 1-1.5 cm), identified by palpation by a doctor
• The appearance of crusts, peeling or ulcers on the nipple, or bloody discharge out of him

Most often used in mammology fine needle aspiration biopsy method: A piece of tissue is taken from the palpable formations of the mammary gland, then it is applied to glass, stained and examined under a microscope.

The puncture is carried out using a special disposable needle, which is attached to a puncture gun. During the procedure, the gun fires a knife, which cuts a thin column of tissue out of the mass. As a rule, the procedure is performed under local anesthesia.

Signs of mastopathy on biopsy

The cells are mononuclear, have normal size and color. They contain normal amount chromatin (located inside the nucleus of cells and is involved in the transfer of genetic information during division). There are no areas of coronary cell growth ( enhanced growth cells along the edges of the formation). Calcium deposited in tissues may be detected (a sign of possible future degeneration of mastopathy into a malignant tumor).

Laboratory blood tests

What hormones in the blood need to be determined?

• Estradiol produced in the ovaries and adipose tissue
• Thyroid hormones- thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
• Thyriotropic hormone (TSH)(produced in the pituitary gland and stimulates the production of thyroid hormones)
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)(produced in the pituitary gland and regulate the functioning of the ovaries)
• Prolactin synthesized in the pituitary gland and regulates the production of breast milk in the mammary gland

They help determine the function of the organ that produces hormones: the presence of inflammation, adhesions, tumors, and so on. Since such changes can lead to disruption of their work and, accordingly, changes in hormonal levels. However, they are not mandatory.

Additional Research

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland reveals the size of the lobes and isthmus, the presence of nodes.

CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain to detect tumors. For example, pituitary adenomas.

Other additional research methods are also prescribed, but as needed.

Treatment of mastopathy

Drug treatment of mastopathy

Means for the treatment of mastopathy

Principles of prescribing medications

• Diffuse forms of mastopathy

  Treatment of adenosis, fibroadenomatosis, diffuse cystic and cystic fibrous mastopathy is carried out only with the use of medications (conservatively). They are prescribed depending on the stage and severity of the symptoms of the disease. For example, at the initial signs of an illness, non-hormonal drugs (vitamins, iodine preparations, homeopathic remedies) are mainly used. Hormonal drugs are rarely used.
  Whereas in case of severe symptoms of the disease (especially in the diffuse fibrocystic form), hormonal drugs (gestagens, COCs, thyroid hormones, etc.) are often added to treatment.

• Nodular forms of mastopathy

  Treatment is long-term and complex, usually including both the use of medications and surgical treatment.

  Treatment of fibroadenoma (nodular fibrous mastopathy)

  Mostly surgical treatment is performed. However, if there are few nodes (one or two) and they are small in size (up to 1-1.5 cm in diameter), then treatment with the help of medications is possible: hormonal and homeopathic medicines, vitamins and others.

  Treatment of nodular cystic mastopathy

  Cysts up to 1.5-2 cm in size They are treated conservatively depending on the identified cause: vitamins, homeopathic medicines, hormones, iodine preparations and others are prescribed.

  Cysts with a diameter of more than 1.5-2 cm, as a rule, are punctured using a thin needle. Next, treatment is carried out with medications (hormones, vitamins and others).

  Treatment of nodular fibrocystic mastopathy

  The most difficult and lengthy, since the mammary glands contain both areas of compaction and cysts. As a rule, the seals are first removed and/or the cysts are punctured, and then conservative treatment is prescribed. However, if the size of the cysts and seals is small, then treatment with medications only is preferred.

  When treating any form of mastopathy, the choice of medication (especially hormonal) always depends on the identified hormonal disorders (progesterone, estrogen, prolactin levels) and the presence of other diseases in the woman.

Surgical treatment of mastopathy

Indications for surgery

• The size of nodules and cysts more than doubles in three months
• Suspicion of a malignant tumor based on biopsy data, regardless of the size of the tumor
• Cysts whose size exceeds 1.5-2 cm
• Nodules larger than 1.5-2 cm

• Cysts are punctured using a thin needle and sucking out the internal fluid. Subsequently, the walls of the cyst are subjected to sclerosis (gluing the walls of the cyst by introducing special substances into the cavity). If cysts form repeatedly, their cavities are removed, but the surrounding tissue is preserved (if there is no suspicion of cancer).
• Nodes are removed and in severe cases (multiple and/or large nodes), sectoral (partial) removal of the mammary gland is performed. In this case, the gland tissue is removed, retreating from the edge of the tumor by 1-3 cm.

Rehabilitation after surgery

1.5-2 hours after surgery, a woman may feel pain and discomfort in the area of ​​manipulation. As a rule, the sensations are not pronounced, so they do not require the use of painkillers. However, if necessary, painkillers are prescribed.

The woman is discharged home on the day of the operation or a few days later (it all depends on the extent of the intervention performed). Sutures are removed on the 7th day after surgery.

It must be remembered that surgery does not eliminate the cause of the disease. Therefore, after it, mandatory treatment of mastopathy is necessary. medicines(hormones, vitamins, iodine-containing drugs and others) and the underlying disease (for example, hepatitis). It is also important to choose the most optimal method protection against unwanted pregnancy and follow a diet.

Diet for mastopathy

It is advisable to limit sweets, flour, and fatty foods, since these foods lead to an increase in the subcutaneous fat layer (obesity), in which estrogens are produced.

It is better to eat foods rich in vitamins A, B, D, E (liver, yolk, milk, cottage cheese, cheese, vegetable oil, seafood, fresh vegetables and red or orange fruits).

It is important to replenish iodine deficiency in the body (seafood, iodized salt).

You should reduce your consumption of cocoa, chocolate, tea and coffee, as they contain methylxaptins - substances that can provoke the progression of the disease and increase pain.

Treatment with folk remedies

Prevention of mastopathy

What do we have to do?

Consume foods rich in vitamins and microelements, as well as sufficient amounts of iodine. Introduce an active lifestyle, play sports, get enough sleep and rest (sleep duration is less than 7 hours a day). This will strengthen the immune system - the main defender against all ailments.

Have regular sex life

During sexual intercourse, a woman experiences orgasm, which improves blood circulation in the pelvis and the functioning of the ovaries. In addition, the seminal fluid contains biologically active substances that also improve the functioning of the ovaries.

Eliminate strong emotions

“All diseases come from nerves” is a true statement for mastopathy. Because stressful situations are a trigger for the development of the disease. Whereas healthy sleep, eating delicious food, sexual satisfaction, positive emotions contribute to the production of dopamine, which blocks the increased synthesis of prolactin in the pituitary gland.

Conduct self-examination of the mammary glands

For a menstruating woman, monthly self-examination is recommended from days 5-6 to 9-12 of the cycle (most optimally on days 5-7), since on these days the mammary gland is in a relaxed state. During menopause - on the same calendar day.

Self-examination steps

Wear the right bra

Choose a bra that is the right size, non-stiff, does not press or chafe. Because the mammary gland is injured.

Pass annual medical checkup(cancer examination)

The inspection includes:

• Examination of the skin and visible mucous membranes
• Examination and palpation of the mammary glands, thyroid gland and lymph nodes (axillary, cervical, inguinal)
• Gynecological examination and digital examination of the rectum
• Examination of a smear for vaginal flora and cytology (detection of cancerous or precancerous cells) from the cervical canal

Because it improves the functioning of the mammary glands and the course of mastopathy (though not always), leading to recovery. Breastfeeding is beneficial when it lasts up to one to two years (at least 6 months).

What should you avoid?

• Breast injuries.
• Contact with pesticides and chemicals that may be contained in food products. Because they enhance the production of aromatase, which increases the sensitivity of breast receptors to estrogen.
• Prolonged exposure to the sun during dangerous hours (from 11.00 to 16.00), since ultraviolet rays can provoke the development of mastopathy and/or cancer. While short sunbathing in the morning and evening hours is allowed.
• Smoking, abusing alcoholic beverages and taking drugs (even mild ones), as the body’s metabolism and the functioning of the immune system are disrupted.