Gynecological diseases of cattle. Treatment and prevention of gynecological diseases in cows

GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES OF ANIMALS

Diseases of the uterus

Chronic catarrhal endometritis (Endometritis catarrhalis chronica).

Chronic catarrhal endometritis is a chronic inflammation of the uterine mucosa, characterized by constant release of catarrhal exudate from the uterus.

Etiology. Chronic catarrhal endometritis usually develops from acute endometritis, if the causes that caused it were not eliminated in a timely manner. In cows, chronic endometritis is most often the result of acute postpartum and postabortal endometritis, uterine subinvolution, and the introduction of infected semen during natural and artificial insemination. The cause of chronic catarrhal endometritis may be, in addition, the spread of the inflammatory process to the endometrium from the vagina and cervix. In some cases, the specified endometritis occurs a second time in the presence of persistent yellow bodies, cysts and functional disorders in the ovaries.

In the chronic course of catarrhal endometritis, under the influence of prolonged exposure to various irritants (microbes, toxins, exudate, etc.), in addition to hyperemia and hemorrhages, a number of different persistent pathological changes occur in the uterine mucosa. In some cases, they manifest themselves in the degeneration of the cylindrical and ciliated epithelium with its replacement by a squamous epithelium. In other cases, atrophy or hyperplasia of the mucous membrane and atrophy or hyperplasia of the glands of the uterus are observed. Sometimes there is a blockage of the outlets of the glands and the formation of cysts from them. Later, the destruction of the cysts occurs. Ulceration and swelling of the mucous membrane are also possible. Sometimes there is an overgrowth of the connective tissue and induration of the uterus with the displacement of muscle tissue.

Along with these changes, pathological changes often occur in the vessels of the uterus (vasodilation, thickening and sometimes degeneration of their walls), as well as in the receptors and nerve cells of the uterus, which disrupts blood circulation in it and its innervation. In this case, functional disorders of the uterus and ovaries occur. Simultaneously with this, exudate effusion occurs in the uterine cavity. Depending on the form of inflammation, the exudate can be mucous, mucopurulent and purulent. With an exacerbation of the process, the release of exudate increases, with a decrease in the degree of inflammation, the exudation decreases, and sometimes temporarily stops. All this creates unfavorable conditions for fertilization.

Clinical signs. Chronic catarrhal endometritis is characterized by a constant or periodic discharge from the uterus of cloudy, flaky mucus, which is usually found on the floor where the animal lay. The cervix is almost always ajar, its canal is filled with thick mucus coming from the uterus.

Rectal examination establishes an increase in the volume of the uterus and fluctuation. With the accumulation of exudate in large quantities, the body and horns of the uterus are lowered into the abdominal cavity.

Soreness of the uterus is usually not observed, its contractility is weak or absent (atony of the uterus). The walls of the uterus are sometimes thickened and compacted or flabby.

The general condition of animals with mild forms of chronic endometritis usually does not change, but severe forms are accompanied by a deterioration in the general condition, a decrease in milk production and gradual emaciation. With intoxication, an increase in temperature, an increase in heart rate, a decrease in appetite, atony of the proventriculus, catarrh of the abomasum and intestines are observed.

Blood changes in chronic endometritis are usually not characteristic. The most frequent deviations in them, especially in cases accompanied by emaciation of the animal, are a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and erythrocytes and eosinophilia. Leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis or leukocytosis, neutrophilia and basophilia are less common.

Sexual cycles in chronic endometritis are most often arrhythmic or completely absent.

The main symptom of chronic endometritis is temporary or permanent infertility of females and the associated complete loss of milk production of animals.

Infertility in chronic endometritis occurs due to various reasons. In some cases, the cause of infertility is the lack of estrus and hunting. This is observed in cases where chronic endometritis causes pathological changes in the ovaries (lack of growth or incomplete development of follicles, their atresia, the formation of persistent yellow bodies and cysts in the ovaries, sclerotic changes in the ovaries, etc.).

In other cases, the cause of infertility is the death of sperm in the female genital tract due to changes in the environment in the uterus due to the presence of exudate in it.

In the absence of exudate in the uterus, the death of spermatozoa can be caused by spermotoxins, spermolysins, bacteriolysins and phages formed in it. The death of spermatozoa is also observed while maintaining various functional and morphological changes in the endometrium.

In addition, the cause of infertility is sometimes a change in the endometrium, which is often destroyed due to painful long-term processes in the uterus. With such changes, the possibility of fertilization is usually excluded, although estrus and ovulation occur. The causes of infertility in chronic endometritis can also be the absence of ovulation, its very late occurrence, the presence of a complication in the form of salpingitis, which often excludes the possibility of meeting sperm with an egg even during ovulation, and some other points.

It should be borne in mind that in chronic endometritis, in some cases, fertilization occurs, but the changes that have occurred in the endometrium often cause either the impossibility of implantation of the zygote, or the death of the embryo at an early stage of its development, or abortion at a later stage of pregnancy. Abortion chronic endometritis is accompanied in cases where the resulting changes in the uterine mucosa (rebirth, cicatricial changes, etc.) cause a violation of the relationship between the mother and child placenta.

Chronic endometritis continues for months and years. At the same time, they often pass from one form to another and become aggravated. When the form of endometritis changes, catarrhal discharges sometimes become purulent, and purulent ones become mucopurulent and mucous. Simultaneously with the change in the nature of the exudate, its quantity also changes. Sometimes chronic endometritis becomes latent. In this case, the release of exudate from the uterus is stopped.

The prognosis for chronic endometritis depends on the duration of the course of the disease and the presence of morphological changes in the endometrium. In unopened cases of chronic endometritis, the prognosis may be favorable, since recovery and restoration of the animal's fertility are possible. In the presence of irreversible morphological changes in the endometrium, causing permanent infertility or habitual abortions, the prognosis for the restoration of fertility is unfavorable. In this condition, the animals are culled. However, if there is an accurate diagnosis of chronic endometritis, cows should be culled only in the absence of a positive result from treatment and grazing. In addition, when culling cows, one should also take into account the degree of decrease in milk productivity, which often determines the inexpediency and unprofitability of further treatment.

Treatment. Given that chronic catarrhal endometritis affects the endometrium and ovaries, the main goal of treatment should be to restore their function. For this purpose, it is recommended to apply both local and general treatment.

Local treatment for chronic catarrhal endometritis is reduced to the periodic release of the uterus from the contents and to the weakening or suspension of the activity of the microflora, and the general - to increase the tone of the body, contractility of the muscles of the uterus and stimulate the function of the ovaries. To increase the tone of the body, a complete feed ration, regular walks, a 10% solution of calcium chloride (intravenously) and vitamin preparations are prescribed. In the presence of a persistent corpus luteum in the ovary, ovarian massage or enucleation of the corpus luteum is performed. To restore the function of the endometrium and myometrium, subcutaneous administration of hormonal preparations is recommended.

Prevention. Prevention of chronic catarrhal endometritis is achieved by timely elimination of acute forms of endometritis. Animals suffering from chronic endometritis are isolated. Insemination of animals with signs of chronic endometritis is not performed until complete recovery. To identify animals with chronic endometritis and their timely treatment, it is necessary to conduct monthly obstetric and gynecological medical examinations with the results of the studies recorded in the “Journal of insemination and calving of cattle”. Otherwise, prevention is the same as for acute endometritis.

Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis (Endometritis catarrhalis et purulenta chronica) Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis is a long-term inflammation of the uterine mucosa, accompanied by the release of mucopurulent exudate.

Etiology. Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis usually develops from acute endometritis or arises from chronic catarrhal endometritis with the introduction of pyogenic microbes.

In chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis, the pathogenesis is basically the same as in chronic catarrhal endometritis. However, changes in the endometrium and in the body with catarrhal-purulent endometritis are more pronounced. In particular, in the mucous membrane of the uterus, in addition to hyperemia, hemorrhage and swelling, purulent infiltration and tissue degeneration can develop. Sometimes ulcers, cicatricial strands and warty-mushroom formations are formed. Intoxication is possible, causing a deterioration in the general condition of the animal.

Symptoms and course. Catarrhal-purulent chronic endometritis is characterized by constant or periodic discharge of mucopurulent exudate from the uterus. The exudate may be thin or thick, creamy, cloudy, yellowish-white, white or yellow, and sometimes with a reddish tint. The release of exudate usually increases during estrus and in the first days after it, as well as when the animal is lying down.

Vaginal examination reveals banded hyperemia and exudate from the uterus in the vagina. The vaginal part of the cervix is usually hyperemic. The cervical canal is ajar and filled with mucopurulent exudate or closed. In the latter case, the outflow of exudate from the uterus stops.

On rectal examination, the uterus is found in the pelvic cavity or somewhat lowered into the abdominal cavity. With the accumulation of a large amount of exudate, it descends deep into the abdominal cavity. On palpation of the uterus, more or less pronounced fluctuation, soreness and asymmetry of the uterine horns are detected. In addition, swelling and flabbiness of the walls of the uterus, a decrease or absence of their contractility are found.

The general condition of the animal without noticeable deviations from the norm. However, with exacerbations of the process and intoxication, a decrease in appetite, a deterioration in the general condition, an increase in body temperature and a gradual emaciation of the animal are often observed. The sexual cycle is disturbed, fertilization does not occur during insemination.

The course of chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis, the prognosis for it, as well as methods of therapy and prevention are the same as for chronic catarrhal endometritis.

Chronic latent endometritis (Endometritis latens chronica) Under the latent chronic endometritis understand the inflammatory process of the endometrium, occurring without clearly expressed clinical signs and usually in the absence of pathological discharge from the uterus during periods between estrus. It is diagnosed only during estrus by the presence of purulent streaks and other inclusions in estrus mucus and is the cause of multiple infertile insemination of cows (microbial toxins and other inflammation products have a detrimental effect on the embryo).

Etiology. The reasons for the development of chronic latent endometritis are the same as in chronic catarrhal endometritis.

Symptoms and course. The inflammatory process of the uterine mucosa in chronic latent endometritis occurs at the beginning, as in catarrhal endometritis. Subsequently, the degree of inflammation of the endometrium decreases, and the effusion of exudate into the uterus gradually stops. In this regard, the release of exudate from the uterus to the outside also stops. However, changes in the endometrium, formed at the beginning of inflammation, persist. In a clinical study, they are not detected. As a result, a clear sign of endometritis (pathological discharge from the uterus) falls out, and the process takes on a hidden character. With the onset of the next estrus, hunting and ovulation, when the body's resistance decreases and the endometrium, the inflammatory process in the endometrium aggravates, and the release of exudate into the uterine cavity and then out begins again.

Chronic latent endometritis is characterized by the absence of pathological discharge from the uterus during the period from one estrus to another. At the same time, clinical examination of noticeable changes in the vagina, cervix and in the uterus itself is usually not detected. Sometimes only atony of the uterus and uneven thickening of its walls are noted. The rhythm of the sexual cycles is most often not disturbed. In outwardly healthy cows, multiple unsuccessful inseminations and infertility are noted, which is often the basis for assuming that they have this pathology.

Diagnosis. It is difficult to make a reliable diagnosis based on clinical signs. Chronic latent endometritis is diagnosed by the detection of pathological discharge from the uterus during the hunt. They are not transparent, as normal, but cloudy with an admixture of flakes of pus and more abundant. 1-3 days after the hunt, pathological discharge from the uterus stops and is not again noted until the onset of the next estrus and hunting. More accurately diagnose chronic latent endometritis, you can only use one of the following laboratory methods.

A gynecologist can organize a laboratory study of cervical mucus in a farm, artificial insemination center or veterinary pharmacy to clarify the diagnosis and nature of the inflammatory process in infertile animals. To obtain lochia or mucus, the vulva is first toileted, then a hand in a plastic glove is inserted into the vagina, the contents are taken near the cervix and placed in a jar or test tube, the number or name of the cow is written. The study of the material is carried out immediately, but it is possible after 2-3 hours if stored in a cool place. If necessary, to clarify the cause of infertility, microscopy of a smear of cervico-vaginal mucus, endometrial biopsy is performed.

According to I.S Nagorny. 2 ml of lochia are placed in a laboratory test tube and 2 ml of a 1% solution of acetic acid or a 0.1% solution of ethacridine lactate are added. If lochia is obtained from a cow with a normal postpartum period, then a clot of mucin is formed in the test tube, which does not break when shaken; the precipitated liquid remains transparent. In the case of endometritis, a precipitate forms, with a slight shaking of the test tube, the liquid becomes cloudy.

Sample according to V.S. Dyudenko. It is based on the detection of toxic substances of the aromatic series (indole, skatole, etc.) in estrus mucus in the presence of an inflammatory process. Take 2 ml of lochia or mucus in a test tube and add 2 ml of a 20% solution of trichloroacetic acid. The mixture is filtered through a paper filter and 0.5 ml of nitric acid is added to 2 ml of the protein-free filtrate. The contents are boiled for one minute. After cooling, 1.5 ml of 33% sodium hydroxide solution is added to the mixture. With a positive reaction, the solution turns yellow. Yellow-green color indicates a moderate catarrhal inflammation of the endometrium, orange - a purulent-catarrhal inflammation of the uterine mucosa.

Sample according to G.M. Kalinovsky. It is based on the detection of sulfur-containing amino acids in the mucus, which are noted during inflammation. 4 ml of a 0.5% solution of lead acetic acid is added to the test tube, to which a 20% solution of sodium hydroxide is added dropwise until a precipitate (lead oxide hydrate) is formed. After 15-20 sec. sodium hydroxide solution is added again until the precipitate disappears. Then 1.5 - 2.0 ml of mucus taken from the cow before insemination is added to the test tube. The contents of the tube are easily shaken and heated without boiling. In the presence of latent endometritis, as a result of the formation of lead sulfide, the mixture acquires the color of strongly brewed tea.

Sample according to V.G. Gavrish. It is based on the detection of histamine produced by endometrial mast cells during inflammatory processes. 2 ml of animal urine is added to the test tube and 1 ml of a 5% aqueous solution of lapis is added. Boil for 2 min. The formation of a black precipitate indicates inflammation of the endometrium, and a brown or light one indicates a normal condition.

Test according to L.L. Smirnova. It is based on the adsorption of purulent contents and allows for the diagnosis of latent endometritis without waiting for the estrus of the animal. A cotton-gauze swab with a thread is impregnated with ivasdek (a mixture consisting of vaseline - 72 parts, ichthyol - 20 parts, ASD-3 - 8 parts), and is inserted into the vagina with the help of a forceps up to the cervix. A day later, the thread is removed. In the presence of endometritis, the swab will have a white spot in the form of a drop of pus.

Treatment for latent endometritis, prognosis and prevention are the same as for chronic catarrhal endometritis.

1. Repeatedly hunting cows are inseminated twice with an interval of 10-12 hours and after 8-10 hours 10 ml of tylosinocar, metrityl or neomycin sulfate, polymyxin sulfate, tylosin tartrate or other antibiotics are administered intrauterine at a dose of 1 g (1 million units), dissolved in 10 ml isotonic sodium chloride solution.

Functional disorders of the ovaries of cows and heifers

Functional disorders of the ovaries, which cause long-term infertility in cows and heifers, are manifested, as a rule, in the form of their hypofunction, cysts and persistence of the corpus luteum.

Ovarian hypofunction is characterized by a violation of the development and maturation of the follicles of their ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. This pathology can manifest itself in the form of persistence of the follicle and delayed ovulation, insufficient function of the corpus luteum, or complete depression of the function of the gonads and prolonged anaphrodisia.

Etiology. The causes of ovarian hypofunction are a decrease in the synthesis and incretion of gonadotropic hormones by the pituitary gland or a weakening of the ovarian reactivity to the action of gonadotropins. The latter is observed, as a rule, with increased synthesis of corticosteroid hormones under stressful conditions, as well as with a lack of thyroid hormones in the body of animals.

Symptoms and course. The initial form of ovarian hypofunction, manifested by the persistence of the follicle, is characterized by a delay in ovulation up to 24-72 hours after the end of the hunt (normally, ovulation occurs 10-12 hours after the end of the hunt), postlibidinal uterine metrorrhagia (bleeding on the second or third day after insemination) and low fertility animals.

Ovarian hypofunction, manifested by anovulation, is characterized by a violation of the development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries. Such animals are characterized by the absence of fertilization and repeated insemination. Rectal examination of a cow during the manifestation of the anovulatory sexual cycle in the ovaries reveals growing follicles of small or medium size that do not reach the preovulatory state.

With hypofunction of the ovaries, accompanied by impaired development and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, cows have multiple unsuccessful inseminations, sometimes with a violation of the rhythm of the sexual cycles (manifestation of the stage of excitation after 12-15 days). A rectal examination on the 6-8th day after the onset of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle in the ovaries reveals a small dense corpus luteum. The concentration of progesterone in the blood during this period does not exceed 1.6 - 1.8 ng / ml (against 2.5 - 4.0 ng / ml in a normal sexual cycle). Changes in the uterus are usually not observed. Most often, such a disorder of sexual function is observed in the hot summer time, as well as with insufficient or inadequate feeding of animals.

With complete depression of the function of the gonads, clinically accompanied by anaphrodisia, the ovaries are reduced in size, dense to the touch, with a smooth surface, without growing follicles and corpus luteum. The horns of the uterus are in the pelvic cavity or hang over the pubic edge, weakly rigid, atonic.

Treatment and prevention. Cows with hypofunction of the ovaries, manifested by delayed ovulation or anovulation, on the day of manifestation of the phenomena of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle (before or after the first insemination of the animal) are injected intramuscularly with surfagon at a dose of 20–25 μg or ogon-THIO-1–1.5 thousand. IE.

Animals with anovulatory sexual cycles are also prescribed serum gonadotropin, which is injected subcutaneously 2–3 days before the expected onset of the next stage of arousal (17–19 days after the previous sexual cycle and insemination) at a dose of 2.5 thousand IU. (5 - 6 IU per 1 kg of body weight). In anovulatory sexual cycle, accompanied by luteinization of the neovulated follicle, which is determined in the ovary during rectal examination on days 6-8 in the form of a cavity formation with a "tight" fluctuation, one of the preparations of prostaglandin F 2-alpha (estufalan, bioestrophan, clatraprostin, gravoprost) is injected intramuscularly once or gravoclatran at a dose of 2 ml), and at the manifestation of the stage of excitation (during insemination) - surfagon - 20 - 25 mcg or ovogon-THIO - 1 - 1.5 thousand IU.

In case of ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by anaphrodisia, cows are given a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 3–3.5 thousand IU. (6 - 7 IU / kg of body weight). To ensure normal ovulation on the day of manifestation of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle (during insemination), surfagon is injected at a dose of 20 μg. Animals that have not shown the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle, 21-22 days after the gynecological examination and confirmation of the initial diagnosis, FFA gonadotropin is administered again at the same dose.

Animals with insufficient function of the corpus luteum, when the next cycle appears on the day of insemination, are injected subcutaneously once with 2.5 thousand IU. gonadotropin FFA (4 - 5 IU / kg of body weight).

For the treatment of animals with depression of sexual function, it is recommended to administer gonadotropic drugs, which should be combined with the use of aqueous solutions of neurotropic drugs: carbacholin (0.1%) or furamon (1.0%). Any of these drugs is administered twice with an interval of 24 hours, 2-2.5 ml, and after 4-5 days, FFA gonadotropin is injected once at a dose of 1.5-2 thousand IU.

Ovarian cysts as functioning formations are formed from non-ovulated follicles and are divided into follicular and luteal cysts according to their functional state.

Follicular cysts have one or more spherical cavities, the walls of which at the beginning of their formation and functioning are represented by hyperplastically altered hormonally active granulosa, vascularized theca, hyperplastically altered outer connective tissue membrane and reduced granulosa.

Symptoms and course. Rectally, they are defined as one or more thin-walled blisters with gentle fluctuation, with a diameter of 2 to 4 - 6 cm or more. The ovaries at the same time acquire a rounded or spherical shape, increase in size to a chicken or goose egg. The uterine horns are somewhat enlarged and hang over the edge of the pubic bones. At the beginning of the formation and functioning of cysts in cows, nymphomania is clinically noted, which subsequently, with the onset of degenerative changes in the cyst wall, is replaced by anaphrodisia.

Treatment. For the treatment of cows with follicular ovarian cysts, different schemes for prescribing hormonal drugs are used. According to one of them, the treatment is carried out by a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 5-6 thousand IU. or chorionic gonadotropin - 4 - 5 thousand units. Animals that have not shown the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle after a gynecological examination and if signs of luteinization of the cyst walls are detected are injected with one of the above prostaglandin preparations at a dose of 2 ml on days 10-12. In another case, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (surfagon) can be used for treatment, which is injected at 10 μg 3 times with an interval of 24 hours, or luteinizing hormone ogon-THIO once - 3 thousand IU. In the third treatment regimen, cows are parenterally injected daily for 7-8 days with 50-75 mg of progesterone with simultaneous oral administration of 50-100 mg of potassium iodide, and after two or three days, a single injection of gonadotropin FFA-3 - 3.5 thousand per day. m.u.

Luteal cysts have, as a rule, one spherical cavity, the wall of which is formed by several layers of proliferating cells of the connective tissue membrane of the follicle.

Symptoms and course. With this pathology, the ovaries are diagnosed through the rectum in the form of spherical formations up to 6–8 cm in diameter with a dense wall and mild fluctuation. The presence of such cysts in animals is accompanied by an anaphrodisia. The uterine horns and cystic ovaries hang down into the abdominal cavity, the uterus is atonic. In the blood plasma, a low content of estradiol and a high level of progesterone are detected.

Treatment. Carried out by a single intramuscular injection of estuphalan at a dose of 500 - 1000 mcg, bioestrofan 2 ml, or clatraprostin 2 - 4 ml with simultaneous subcutaneous injection of 2.5 - 3 thousand IU. gonadotropin FFA. When using gravoprost or gravoclatran at a dose of 4 ml, FFA gonadotropin is not prescribed. With ovarian cysts, accompanied by atony and hypotension of the uterus, neurotropic drugs can be used as additional therapeutic agents.

Persistent corpus luteum of the ovary.

A persistent corpus luteum is considered to be a corpus luteum in the ovary of a non-pregnant cow, delayed and functioning for more than 25-30 days.

Etiology. Most often, it is formed from the cyclic corpus luteum during chronic inflammatory processes in the genital organs, as well as after repeated skipping (without insemination of the animal) of the sexual cycles. The corpus luteum of pregnancy, regardless of the nature of the course of labor and the postpartum period, undergoes involution in the first days after childbirth (the concentration of progesterone in the peripheral blood is 0.2–0.5 ng/ml), and its transition to persistent is not observed.

Symptoms and course. The concentration of progesterone in the blood in this pathology corresponds to the luteal phase of the sexual cycle (more than 2 ng / ml). The horns of the uterus, as a rule, hang down into the abdominal cavity, are somewhat enlarged, their walls are relaxed, and rigidity is reduced. The study of the state of the uterus is carried out very carefully and carefully in order to identify its disease or exclude pregnancy.

Diagnosis. When diagnosing a persistent corpus luteum, it is necessary to keep accurate records of the condition of the ovaries and uterus at each examination for comparison. Diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum is carried out by double rectal examination of cows and heifers with an interval of 2-3 weeks and daily observation of animals. The corpus luteum during this period does not undergo changes in location, size, and the animal does not show the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle.

Treatment. Infertile cows with persistent corpora lutea or with functioning corpora lutea of the sexual cycle are given one of the prostaglandin preparations at the above doses once. To increase the effectiveness of prescribing prostaglandin preparations to animals, they are combined with a single injection of FFA gonadotropin at a dose of 2.5–3 thousand IU. When using hormonal drugs to restore fertility in mature heifers, the doses of gonadotropic drugs are reduced by 700-1000 IU, and prostaglandins by 150-200 mcg. In all cases of using hormonal drugs to normalize ovarian function in animals, it is desirable to prescribe vitamins, macro- and microelements.

Prevention of gynecological diseases of cows and heifers

Clinically healthy heifers are selected for reproduction, taking into account the milk production and fertility of their parents. Replacement heifers are provided with full-fledged feeding, which allows reaching a body weight of 340-370 kg by the age of 18 months. For a 6-month milk period, they should receive 280-300 kg of whole milk, 400-600 kg of skim milk, 170-200 kg of concentrated feed, 200-300 kg of good hay and haylage, 300-400 kg of silage and root crops. According to clinical, morphological, biochemical and other parameters, their growth and development are controlled. If necessary, make appropriate adjustments to feeding and maintenance. In summer, preference is given to camp and pasture content.

During the period of insemination, the average daily weight gain should be above 500 g. When inseminating heifers and cows, they are guided by the instructions for artificial insemination of cows and heifers, veterinary and sanitary rules for reproduction.

Feeding and maintenance of pregnant animals are carried out in accordance with the norms and rations for feeding farm animals and veterinary and sanitary rules for dairy farms and complexes.

Deep-boned cows at the time of launch (60-65 days before the expected birth) are subjected to a full clinical examination, paying special attention to fatness, the condition of the hair and skin, bones, hoof horn, mammary gland, and body weight. Cows are subject to testing for subclinical mastitis by one of the rapid diagnostic tests. When indicated, a deeper study of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is carried out.

Clinically healthy animals are characterized by good fatness and general condition, shiny hairline, strong bones, correct gait and hoof shape, and the absence of subclinical or clinically pronounced mastitis.

If signs of mastitis, reduced fatness, impaired or perverted appetite, softening of the tail vertebrae, baldness in the region of the root of the tail and sacrum, loosening of the horny covers and teeth, lameness, indicating a metabolic disorder, are detected in animals, a complex of therapeutic measures is carried out, including means of etiotropic, symptomatic , dietary, general tonic and corrective therapy, as well as organizational, economic and zootechnical measures for the prevention of metabolic disorders and diseases of the mammary gland.

After a clinical examination, cleaning of the hair and skin, trimming the hooves of the animals, they are transferred to the dead wood group, where, depending on the technology, they are kept on a leash or without it in groups that are formed according to the expected calving time (60-45, 45-30, 30-10 days). Separately contain a group of heifers. For better fetal development and prevention of birth and postpartum complications, it is advisable to keep animals loose during the dry period.

A room for keeping dry cows and heifers is allocated at the rate of 18% of the total number of cows and heifers of the farm (complex), it must be equipped with a group den at the rate of at least 5 m2 of floor area per animal with individual boxes measuring 2x1.5 m and have a feeding area with a hard surface (8 m2) or without it (15 m2), a feeding front (0.8 m). The consumption of bedding (straw) is at least 1.5-2 kg per day. The bedding material must be uniform, dry and free of mold.

When tethered, pregnant cows and heifers are placed in stalls (1.2x1.9 m) equipped with feeders, drinkers and automatic ties. The floors in the machines can be wooden or cordoresin bitumen, in the aisles - concrete.

Dosed irradiation of animals with ultraviolet rays is organized in the premises. For this, stationary irradiators E01-ZOM are used,

EO-2, as well as installations UO-4 and UO-4M. E01-ZOM, EO-2 erythema irradiators are installed at a height of 2-2.2 m from the floor, one source per 8-10 m of the floor area in free-standing housing or one irradiator per 2 cows in stall-tethered housing. The irradiating unit UO-4M is hung on a cable at a height of 1 m from the back of the animals. The radiation dose is provided for 3 passes of the installation during the day.

In the winter-stall period, dry cows and heifers, under favorable weather conditions (absence of severe frosts, precipitation, wind, etc.), need to carry out active exercise for 2-3 hours at a distance of 3-4 km, for which they equip a running path with leveled ground and appropriate fencing, as well as walks lasting 5-7 hours a day on walking areas with a hard surface.

In the summer, dry cows and heifers are provided with pasture and kept in camps equipped with sheds. At the same time, stationary premises are being repaired, cleaned, disinfected and sanitized.

The level of feeding of cows and heifers in the dry period is determined by the body weight of the animal, the state of fatness, the expected milk production and should provide an increase in the body weight of the animal over this period by 10-12%. The diet of animals should be balanced in terms of energy, digestible protein, macro- and microelements, dry matter, fiber, contain 8-9 feed. units and include, kg: good hay - at least 5-6, high-quality silage - 10-15, good-quality haylage - 5-7, grass flour or cutting - 1, concentrated feed - 1.5-2, fodder beet and other root crops 4 -5, molasses 0.5-1, as well as mineral supplements in the form of table salt, caiodine, phosphorus-calcium salts. Each feed unit should have 100-120 g of digestible protein, 90-150 g of carbohydrates, 45-50 mg of carotene, 8-9 g of calcium, 6-7 g of phosphorus, 8-10 g of sodium chloride, 19-20 g of potassium, magnesium 5-6 g, copper 10 mg, zinc and manganese 50 mg each, cobalt and iodine 0.7 mg each, vitamin D 1 thousand IU, vitamin E 40 mg. The sugar-protein ratio should be 0.8-1.5:1, and calcium to phosphorus 1.5-1.6:1. The diet must be balanced on the basis of the chemical analysis of the feed, carefully monitored for the content of macro- and microelements, vitamins, do not allow the use of feed containing impurities of salts of heavy metals, fluorine, arsenic, nitrates and nitrites, as well as residual amounts of preservatives or stabilizers.

During the dry period, twice on the 14-15th day after launch and 10-14th day after delivery, a clinical examination of the mammary gland is carried out by examination, palpation, trial compression and organoleptic evaluation of the secretion. Identified animals with mastitis are subjected to appropriate treatment.

In order to control the state of metabolism, identify early (clinical) signs of the presence and severity of hidden health disorders, predict the state of the reproductive function of animals, biochemical blood tests are carried out selectively from 10-15 dry cows and 10-15 heifers (most fully reflecting the average age, weight body and herd productivity) 2-3 weeks before birth at the beginning (October-November), middle (January) and at the end (March-April) of the winter-stall and in the middle (June-July) of the summer-pasture periods. In blood serum, the content of total protein, albumin, globulins, residual nitrogen, urea, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, vitamins A, C, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins is determined, in whole blood - glucose, ketone bodies, in plasma - alkaline reserve . High levels of total protein (7.3-8 g/100 ml), gamma globulins (1.6-2 g/100 ml), cholesterol (160-210 mg/100 ml), beta-lipoproteins (480-580 mg/100 ml) ), low concentration of vitamins A (25 µg/100 ml and less), C (less than 0.5 mg/100 ml) and low protein index (less than 0.750.70) characterize the predisposition of pregnant animals to obstetric pathology.

If necessary, in the blood of cows at the same time of pregnancy, the content of other vitamins, microelements, indicators of immunobiological and natural resistance, as well as sex and corticosteroid hormones is determined. In the normal course of pregnancy, the ratio of progesterone to estradiol concentrations is no more than 60, and cortisol to progesterone is not less than 7. Higher ratios of progesterone to estradiol and lower cortisol to progesterone indicate the risk of birth and postpartum obstetric pathology.

If deviations in metabolism are found in dry cows and heifers, comprehensive measures are developed for the prevention and treatment of animals by adjusting diets to replenish deficient nutrients, taking into account the quality and chemical composition of feed, as well as the additional prescription of vitamin and hepatotropic drugs, mineral premixes, synthetic antioxidants. In this case, the ratio of prescribed oil concentrates of vitamins A and D should be 10:1, and the use of vitamin E in the last 20 days of pregnancy is not allowed, since vitamin E, having a progesterone-like effect, inhibits the contractile function of the uterus.

Diprovit (at a daily dose of 5 g) or lipomide (at a daily dose of 1 g) are used as hepatotropic drugs, which are fed to pregnant cows for 4 weeks at the beginning of the dry period and for 2 weeks before childbirth. For this purpose and according to the same scheme, the drug Metavit is also used in a daily dose of 2 g.

With a low level of vitamins in the body of animals and feed, as drugs that normalize metabolism and prevent retention of the placenta and postpartum diseases, sodium selenite, barium selenite (depolen), beta-carotene oil solution can be used. A sterile aqueous 0.5% solution at a dose of 10 ml (0.1 ml of sodium selenite per 1 kg of body weight) is administered to cows once intramuscularly 20-30 days before the expected birth. Depolen (10 ml) is administered once at the beginning of the dry period. An oily solution of beta-carotene is used intramuscularly 30-45 days before the expected calving, 40 ml per injection for 5-7 days in a row.

The maternity ward needs a room for obstetric care, clinical and gynecological examinations and medical procedures, and a hospital for 10-12 heads for keeping sick animals. These rooms should be provided with obstetric and surgical kits, other necessary tools and medicines, solutions of disinfectants, and a fixation machine.

The number of livestock places in the maternity ward should be 16% of the number of cows and heifers in the complex (farm). The placement of internal equipment, the parameters of the microclimate of the premises of the maternity ward (as workshops for dry cows and heifers) are determined by the norms of technological design. The temperature in the maternity ward should be 16°C, relative humidity 70%, illumination 300 lux, allowable concentration of carbon dioxide 0.15%, ammonia 10 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide 5 mg/m3, microbial contamination 50 thousand m one animal 25 m.

For sections of the maternity ward, permanent attendants are assigned, trained in the rules for receiving and caring for newborn calves, and round-the-clock duty is organized.

When keeping animals in the insemination and milking group, they provide proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, daily active exercise, communication of cows with a probe bull, the correct mode of machine milking and timely detection of heat and insemination of animals mainly in the first month after birth. The milking of cows in the first month after birth is carried out gradually. The set of feed should be varied and fully meet the needs of animals for digestible protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. In winter, high-quality hay and fodder root-tubers are necessarily fed.

Specific prevention of postpartum endometritis and increase in reproductive function in cows.

The data obtained on the participation of RTI and VD viruses in the etiology of endometritis provided a basis for studying the effect of specific prevention of these infections on the incidence of mastitis and endometritis in cows.

For this purpose, a bivalent live cultural virus-vaccine against infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea of cattle was used in 11 farms that are unfavorable for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases of calves of viral etiology, clinically expressed and subclinical mastitis and gynecological diseases of cows. Experimental batches of the vaccine were made in the conditions of the Belarusian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, which were used in accordance with the instructions for its use.

It was found that before the use of vaccines, the incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves reached 93.3-95.1%, in cows with mastitis - 47.2-52.3%, endometritis - 42.9-48.0%.

In the first year of application of the vaccine, the incidence of pneumoentritis in calves decreased to 82.2%, in cows with mastitis to 41.1% and endometritis - to 37.2%, and after 3 years, respectively, to 44.3%; 12.1% and 9.3%.

Thus, the conducted studies indicate the need to introduce specific prevention of infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea in cattle into the system of measures to combat calf pneumoentritis, mastitis and endometritis of cows.

Among the diseases of the genital organs, leading to infertility and lethargy, functional disorders of the ovaries (ovarian dysfunction) and inflammatory processes in the uterus are most often distinguished.

OVARIAN DYSFUNCTIONS

Dysfunctional conditions of the ovaries are characterized by a violation of the growth of follicles by their ovulation, the formation of a corpus luteum and can manifest itself as a delay in ovulation (follicle persistence), anovulatory sexual cycle, functional insufficiency of the corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, cysts (follicular and luteal).

1. Follicle persistence.

Ovarian dysfunction, manifested in the form of follicle persistence, is characterized by a delay in ovulation up to 24-72 hours after the end of estrus (normally, ovulation in cows and heifers occurs 10-12 hours after the end of estrus).

The estrogens of the persistent dominant follicle affect the vascular network of the uterus, the endometrial vessels become excessively filled with blood, their walls loosen and rupture, resulting in the release of mucus with blood or blood. This predisposes to a lack of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C in the body.

Clinically, in some animals, this manifests itself in the form of postlibidinal metrorrhagia (uterine bleeding) 2-3 days after the end of estrus (insemination) and is characterized by low fertility of animals. The rhythm of the sexual cycle is not disturbed.

A rectal examination of the ovary reveals a non-ovulated follicle that ruptures shortly before the end of bleeding. Carrying out artificial insemination (in the presence of a follicle) can lead to fertilization.

The main task of therapeutic measures is to induce ovulation. For this, the following measures are applied:

a) immediately after the establishment of heat, cows are injected with surfagon or dirigestran 5 ml / m, agofollin at a dose of 0.5 ml, Ovogon-Tio - 2000 I.E.;

b) oxytocin is injected intramuscularly at a dose of 10-20 IU. in 10-15 min. before insemination;

c) in case of metrorrhagia, insemination is not carried out, but 5 ml of surfagon or 0.5 ml of agofollin are administered intramuscularly, and after 10-11 days prostaglandin preparations (estrofan, bioestrofan, magestrophan, estrone, dinolytic, etc.) are administered.

d) three times with an interval of 48 hours, intramuscular injections of a 10% suspension of ASD f2 on trivita starting from the 10th day after the end of estrus and a single injection of surfagon at a dose of 2 ml 5-7 hours before insemination.

e) FFA at a dose of 2500 IU on days 16-18 after the previous estrus.

2. Anovulatory sexual cycle

Anovulation is a violation or absence of the final phase of folliculogenesis. In this case, the dominant follicle undergoes atresia, and in some cases it transforms into a thin-walled cyst.

The main reason for the anovulatory sexual cycle is an insufficient level of estrogen hormones, which creates the necessary background for the manifestation of cyclic activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland according to the mechanism of positive (stimulating) feedback, negatively affects the functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, preovulatory release of LH (luteinizing hormone), in As a result, the maturation and ovulation of the follicles is delayed.

Clinically, anovulatory sexual cycles are manifested by multiple infertile inseminations, while maintaining the rhythm of sexual cycles.

Anovulation is diagnosed by rectal palpation of the ovaries in the middle of the sexual cycle (10-11 days after the end of estrus). If ovulation has occurred, then on one of the ovaries you can find a functioning corpus luteum with a diameter of 1.5 - 2 cm of doughy consistency. The ovary takes the form of a pear, a truncated triangle or a dumbbell, increases in size by 2–2.5 times. In this case, the uterus is in a state of reduced tone and weak contractile activity (progesterone formed in the corpus luteum blocks the effect of oxytocin on the uterus).

In the case of anovulation, a functionally active corpus luteum and ovarian asymmetry are not detected, the uterine horns have clear contours and are well reduced. When determining ovulation in the previous sexual cycle (rectally), on the ovary opposite to the functioning one, the residual corpus luteum is palpable the size of a bean, a solid consistency, a rod-like shape.

Prediction of anovulation is possible by assessing the condition of the ovaries during a rectal examination in the pre-estrus stage of the sexual cycle. During this period, a functioning ovary is the size of a walnut, round or slightly oval in shape, elastically dense in consistency; with anovulation - the same size, flabby consistency (lowered tissue turgor), flat (flattened).

Therapeutic measures for anovulation are similar to those for the persistence of the follicle.

3. Functional insufficiency of the corpus luteum.

Morphological and functional inferiority of the corpus luteum is characterized by the formation of defective luteal tissue of the corpus luteum.

The reduced concentration of estradiol during the formation of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle according to the positive feedback system does not provide a sufficient rise in LH, which gives a stimulus not only for ovulation, but also for the subsequent formation of the corpus luteum. Low production of progesterone, which is responsible for the transformation of the endometrium, does not provide a sufficient secretory reaction, the necessary nutrition, implantation and development of the embryo and can cause its death in the early stages of development.

Clinically, functional insufficiency of the corpus luteum manifests itself in the form of multiple infertile inseminations with a violation of the rhythm of the sexual cycles (manifestation of the stage of excitation after 12-15 days).

Diagnosis consists in rectal palpation of the corpus luteum 9-11 days after ovulation. On the 10-11th day of the sexual cycle, a normally developed corpus luteum strongly protrudes above the surface of the ovary, mushroom-shaped, soft consistency. It accounts for 2/3 of the total size of the ovary. The ovary with a yellow body is greatly enlarged and has the shape of a pear, dumbbell or truncated cone. The horns of the uterus are in a state of hypotension.

Hypofunctional corpus luteum weakly stands out above the surface of the ovary, flat-oval shape, moderately dense consistency, significantly inferior in size to the main tissue of the ovary. The ovary containing the corpus luteum is relatively small and olive-shaped.

Functional insufficiency of the corpus luteum is most often recorded in the first (adjustment) sexual cycle after calving; at a later date, the frequency of this pathology decreases.

In doing so, they use:

a) intramuscularly 24 hours after the second insemination of a mixture of tetravit 5 ml + ASD F2 - 1 ml;

b) intramuscularly 1% progesterone oil solution on days 3,5,7,9 after insemination at a dose of 5 ml;

c) 50 mcg (10 ml) of surfagon on the 8-12th day after insemination.

d) on the 10th day of the sexual cycle, one of the analogs of prostaglandin F 2 α (estrophan, bioestrophan, magestrophan, estrone, dinolytic, etc.), followed by insemination 80 and 92 hours after treatment with prostaglandins. Combine insemination with intramuscular injection of surfagon at a dose of 20-25 mcg (4-5 ml) 8-10 hours before the first insemination.

4. Ovarian hypofunction.

Hypofunction of the ovaries is a weakening of the activity of the ovaries, which is accompanied by arrhythmia or inferiority of the sexual cycles, as well as their prolonged absence after childbirth.

The main cause of hypofunction is a reduced gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland due to hypothyroidism and a weakening of the ovarian response to gonadotropins due to the intake of certain corticosteroids (as a result of inadequate feeding (especially for carotene, vitamin E and iodine), poor maintenance and care). It has been established that with hypofunction in cows, oogenesis does not stop, however, the follicles do not develop to ovulation maturity, but undergo atresia.

Most often, hypofunction of the ovaries is recorded in the second half of the winter-stall content, especially in first-calf heifers.

Clinically, hypofunction is manifested by the absence of sexual cyclicity (anaphrodisia). In a rectal examination of cows, ovaries are sharply reduced in size, dense in texture, smooth. They do not define growing follicles and corpus luteum. The uterus is reduced or within the normal range, atonic or rigidity is reduced.

For the treatment of animals with hypofunction of the ovaries, it is recommended to use:

1. Physiotherapy - massage of the uterus and ovaries rectally in 1-2 days for 5 minutes (4-5 sessions). Massage helps to expand the blood vessels of the uterus and ovaries, increase blood circulation in them, as a result of which there is an improvement in tissue nutrition, and the contractile function of the uterus is activated.

2. Massage of the uterus and ovaries (as in the first version) + massage of the clitoris (every day for 2-3 minutes).

Z. Prozerin (0.5% solution) at a dose of 2-3 ml subcutaneously and tetravit 10 ml intramuscularly once.

If there is no effect, treatment with the use of hormonal drugs is started.

1. Enter 50 mcg (10 ml) of surfagon, and after 10 days repeat at a dose of 10 mcg (2 ml).

FFA at a dose of 6 IU per 1 kg of animal weight. The stimulating effect of FFA on the ovaries manifests itself after 36–48 hours and already in the first 5–7 days, 50–80% of animals with ovarian hypofunction appear in estrus and hunt. The introduction of FFA can cause anaphylactic shock in sensitized animals, so you must first inject 1 - 2 ml, and then after 1 - 2 hours - the rest of the dose. FFA is used at any time for non-cycling cows, and for non-fertile cows, it is administered on the 16th - 18th day after the previous hunt. In the absence of estrus and changes in the ovaries, it is used again after 20-21 days.

2. Surfagon at a dose of 10 ml in combination with 10 ml of vitamin E or tetravit.

3. Surfagon at a dose of 5 ml + agofollin at a dose of 0.5-1 ml.

4. Agofollin at a dose of 1-1.5 ml in combination with 10 ml of vitamin E or tetravit.

5. On the 1st, 3rd, 5th days, 10 ml of a 1% or 4 ml of a 2.5% oil solution of progesterone is administered, and on the 7th day, surfagon at a dose of 50 μg (10 ml). The function of the ovaries is restored within the next 14 days, the cows are inseminated as they come into heat.

6. On the 1st, 3rd, 5th days, 10 ml of a 1% oil solution of progesterone, on the 7th day of work intramuscularly, agofollin at a dose of 1.5 ml. When inseminating cows and surfagon (for the first insemination).

7. On the 1st, 3rd, 5th days, 10 ml of a 1% oil solution of progesterone, on the 7th day of FFA at a dose of 6 IU per 1 kg of weight, on the 9th day of estrofan 2 ml, 11-13th artificial insemination of cows - 25 mcg (5 ml) surfagon. Hunting is shown by 50-65% of cows, fertility after the first insemination is up to 60%.

5. On 30-33 days after calving (in the normal course of the postpartum period), inject 5 ml of surfagon, and after 10-12 days 2 ml of estrofan. Heat is on 45-50 days after birth, fertility increases by 25%, the service period is reduced by 20-25 days.

9. Intramuscular injections of an oily solution of progesterone at a dose of 100 mg on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days of treatment, FSH - super intramuscularly at a dose of 5 AU on the 7th and 8th days four times with an interval of 12 hours (8 00 and 20 00 hours), estrofan - on the 8th day at a dose of 500 mcg (2 ml). Additionally, on the 1st and 5th days of injection of a 10% suspension of ASD F2 on tetravit at a dose of 10 ml. surfagon was administered after the signs of estrus were detected, 8-10 hours before the first insemination at a dose of 25 μg (5 ml). Regardless of the level of milk production, 90% show sexual desire. Fertility after the first insemination is 61.5-72.7%.

6. On the 1st, 3rd, 5th days, 10 ml of a 1% oil solution of progesterone, on the 7th day of FFA at a dose of 6 IU per 1 kg of body weight, for animals that did not show signs of estrus in the expected time, for 20 the 1st day from the start of treatment, a dose of prostaglandin F 2 α (estrophan, bioestrophan, magestrofan, estrone, dinolytic, etc.)

5. Persistent corpus luteum.

Yellow bodies in the ovaries are formed at the site of bursting follicles and can be of three varieties: corpus luteum of the sexual cycle; corpus luteum of pregnancy and persistent corpus luteum.

Causes of persistent corpus luteum:

1. Deficiencies in feeding (underfeeding, low-quality feed) unbalanced diet (lack of protein, vitamins, micro- and macroelements).

2. Lack of exercise in cows during the stall period.

3. Pathological processes occurring in the uterus (endometritis). Which are accompanied by the death of the embryo at a stage capable of releasing trophoblastins, which prevent the degeneration of the corpus luteum. The timing of the next estrus depends on the rate of resorption of the dead embryo and is usually 35-40 days.

4. Defective sexual cycles (lutenization of follicles).

The persistent corpus luteum has no special clinical and morphological differences from the corpus luteum of pregnancy or the sexual cycle. In its presence, animals do not show signs of sexual arousal.

Diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum is carried out by double rectal examination of cows with an interval of 2-3 weeks with daily monitoring of animals. When examining cows, it is necessary to keep accurate records of the condition of the ovaries and uterus at each examination in order to compare them. The yellow body during this period does not undergo changes in location, size, and the animal does not show signs of sexual arousal. The frequency of manifestation of a persistent corpus luteum varies between 10-15% depending on the season of the year. In the winter-stall period, a persistent corpus luteum is recorded more often than in the grazing period.

Quite often, defective sexual cycles in cows, in particular alibid-anestral, which are also accompanied by signs of anaphrodisia, are mistaken for a persistent corpus luteum, and a corpus luteum is found on one of the ovaries during rectal examination. At the same time, upon re-examination after 2-3 weeks, the corpus luteum usually changes its localization (in the absence of sexual cyclicity during this period), which indicates the presence of ovarian cyclicity in these animals. The frequency of manifestation of this pathology occurs at the end of the winter stall keeping of animals, especially in the absence of active exercise.

The following treatments are used:

1. Enucleation (squeezing of the corpus luteum). After removal of the yellow, hunting occurs in 50-80% of the animals in the first 2-7 days and 50-55% of them are fertilized after the first insemination. However, physical removal has a number of disadvantages, namely: the possibility of injury to the ovary, resulting in inflammation of the ligaments of the ovary, followed by a subsequent decrease in the fertility of cows. Therefore, the corpus luteum is possible only if it is clearly distinguished in the form of a "fungus" and only its protruding part.

2. Massage of the uterus and ovaries through the rectum 1-2 times a day every 2-3 days for two to three weeks.

3. The use of one of the drugs of the prostaglandin series - estrofan, enzaprost, bioestrofan, estrophanthin, aniprost, bioestrofan, etc. at a dose of 2 ml (500 μg of cloprostenol) intramuscularly, in combination with 10 ml of surfagon. Intramuscular injection of PGF 2 α and surfagon causes estrus in 80-86% of cows and fertility from one insemination is 45-50%.

4. Injection of GSFA (sergon or serum gonadotropin, 1000 I.E.), after 48 hours intramuscularly 2 ml of PGF 2 α . For the first insemination, additional surfagon at a dose of 5 ml (25 mcg).

5. Subcutaneously 2.0-2.5 ml of a 0.5% solution of prozerin, and after 2-5 days intramuscularly 2-3 ml of a 1-2% oil solution of sinestrol.

6. Ovarian cysts.

Cysts are spherical cavity formations that arise in the tissues of these organs from non-ovulated follicles as a result of an anovulatory sexual cycle and are divided into follicular and luteal cysts according to their functional state.

Follicular cysts are thin-walled, less often thick-walled, tensely or gently fluctuating spherical formations with a diameter of 21.0-45.0 mm. The cyst has a thinned shell and can be easily crushed. The size of cysts ranges from a pea (small cystic ovary) to a goose egg and more. Cysts have low progestogenic activity. The walls at the beginning of their formation are represented by hyperplastically altered hormonally active granulosa, vascularized theca. The follicular epithelium produces estrogen. These hormones continuously enter the animal's bloodstream, causing constant sexual arousal.

During the period of formation, follicular cysts produce little estrogen, then continuous estrus and hunting (nymphomania). At the same time, the sacrosciatic ligaments are relaxed, the labia are swollen, the vaginal mucosa is hyperemic, the uterine horns are enlarged, edematous, the cervix is ajar. During insemination, animals are not fertilized.

After a certain period of time, an increase in androgens is noted, due to the degeneration of the follicular epithelium, (transitional form). Further, resorption of the cysts and the restoration of normal sexual cycles may occur, or they again have anovulatory sexual cycles, and cysts form again. Also in the future, the follicular tissue may undergo luteinization with the formation of a luteal cyst.

Luteal cysts - have, as a rule, one spherical cavity, the wall of which is formed by several layers of proliferating cells of the connective tissue membrane of the follicle, thick-walled, difficult to squeeze out. Luteal cysts have a rim of luteal tissue on the inside that produces progesterone. There are no sexual cycles.

Causes of cysts:

1. Endocrine disorders caused by excessive secretion of FSH from the pituitary gland, accompanied by a decrease in the preovulatory release of LH into the blood. As a result, ovulation and subsequent luteinization do not occur, and a cyst forms at the site of the follicle.

2. The use of large doses of hormonal drugs and low-quality hormones (FFH), especially in the absence of a corpus luteum in the ovary.

3. Obesity of cows (protein overfeeding, high feeding rates of concentrated feed).

4. Physical inactivity (lack of exercise).

5. Lack of vitamins and microelements in diets, especially iodine.

6. Feeding feeds rich in estrogen (corn silage, legumes).

Treatment of cows with ovarian cysts.

Follicular cyst should first be mechanically crushed, and then apply one of the treatment regimens:

1. Injection of 1% oil solution of progesterone for 4 days, 6 ml, on the 8th day after the injection of progesterone 1-1.5 ml of agofollin + 4 ml of nitamine E.

2. Surfagon 25 mcg (5 ml) for 3 days intramuscularly. On the 11th day after the first administration of surfagon, estrofan is injected at a dose of 2 ml. Under the first insemination of cows, 5 ml of surfagon is administered, and on the next day, 2 ml of surfagon is repeated. Surfagon in cows with follicular cysts causes a sharp rise in the concentration of LH in the blood, which leads to ovulation of cystic follicles, or to their luteinization, and estrophan lyzes the corpus luteum (with this method, the cyst should not be squeezed out).

3. Three injections of progesterone at a dose of 10 ml (1% solution) with an interval of two days, on the 7th day 2 ml of a 0.5% solution of prozerin and 10 ml of tetravit.

2. On the 1st day, inject 5 ml of surfagon and 10 ml of a 1% or 4 ml of a 2.5% oil solution of progesterone, on the 3rd and 5th days - in the same dose of progesterone and on the 7th day - intramuscularly 2 ml of estrofan. Hunting is registered in 80-85% of cows, fertility is 60-70% of the first insemination.

5.1% progesterone oil solution three times 7 ml intramuscularly with an interval of 48 hours, on the 6th day - PMSG at a dose of 1000 I.E. or FFA at a dose of 1000 I.E. intramuscularly. After 48 hours, estrofan at a dose of 2 ml. Hunting is observed in 75% of animals, fertility is 65% or more. For the first insemination, be sure to introduce surfagon (5 ml).

* When using any of the treatment regimens, it is necessary to feed Kayod (5-6 tablets) daily for 10-15 days with concentrated feeds.

For luteal cysts:

1. One of the synthetic analogs of prostaglandin F 2 α (estrophan, bioestrophan, magestrophan, estrone, dinolytic, etc.) is injected intramuscularly at a dose of 500 μg (2 ml) twice with an interval of 24 hours. Surfagon is administered at a dose of 20-25 mcg (4-5 ml) 8-10 hours before the first insemination.

2. Estrofan at a dose of 3-4 ml intramuscularly and at the same time PMSG at a dose of 1000 I.E.

3. Daily feeding of 25-50 mg of potassium iodide or 10-12 tablets of kayod, and 2-3 days after that, one of the synthetic analogues of prostaglandin F 2 α (estrofan, bioestrofan, magestrophan, estrone, dinolytic, etc.) ) at a dose of 500 mcg (2 ml) in combination with 5 ml of surfagon.

If there is no effect, the course of treatment is repeated after 2 weeks.

When treating cows with any form of ovarian dysfunction, the following rules must be followed:

1. Mandatory thorough gynecological examination of the animal before prescribing a course of treatment

2. The selected treatment regimen should correspond to the functional state of the ovaries.

3. The scheme of application and dosage of drugs must be strictly observed.

4. Drugs that stimulate the sexual function of females should be applied strictly individually, a divisional approach to treatments is unacceptable.

Prevention of dysfunctional conditions of the ovaries in cows:

1. On the 10-15th day after calving, use reduced doses of PUFA (serum gonadotropin or sergon 1000 I.E.) in combination with tetravit and ASD f2 (tetravit 8 ml + 2 ml ASD f2) intramuscularly + 20-25 ml of colostrum subcutaneously. The emulsion of tetravit and ASD f2 should be used only in freshly prepared form.

2. On the 10-15th day after calving, surfagon intramuscularly 50 mcg (10 ml) + a mixture of ASD f2 (2 ml) with tetravit (8 ml) intramuscularly, after 10 days - 10 mcg (2 ml) surfagon

3. Complex fortification with tetravit in doses: A - 0.7-1.5 million I.E.; D 3 - 100-200 thousand I.E.; E - 600-1200 mg. Sequentially spend 6 injections:

1st - two weeks before calving;

2nd - one week before calving;

3rd - 5-7 days after calving;

4th - 12-13 days after calving;

5th - on the day of insemination of animals;

6th 10-12 days after insemination of animals.

4. Systematic daily walks in the fresh air during the dry period and after calving, a complete balanced diet.

3. Timely detection and treatment of cows with endometritis.

Violations of the function of the genital organs (vagina, uterus, oviducts and ovaries) in females after the postpartum period are considered as gynecological diseases, in contrast to the obstetric pathology observed in animals during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.

Andrology- the doctrine of diseases of the urinary and genital organs of males (penis, vas deferens, testes, scrotum, accessory sex glands - prostate, vesicle and bulbous glands, etc.).

The main causes of diseases of the genital organs in females are very diverse: errors in feeding and maintenance, poor animal care, unsatisfactory zoohygienic conditions in the premises, lack of active walks with a run (grazing), non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during natural and artificial insemination, infectious and invasive diseases, etc. In veterinary practice, obstetric and gynecological diseases are interrelated and constitute a complex of diseases of the genital organs (veterinary gynecology) that cause infertility in animals.

Diseases of the vulva and vagina often occur simultaneously. Their inflammation can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, etc.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina consists in the use of antiseptic solutions, powders, ointments, emulsions, antibiotics, sulfonamides, ichthyol, furacilin, furazolidone, potassium permanganate and other drugs.

Diseases of the uterus (inflammation of the cervix - cervicitis, inflammation of the uterus - metritis, inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus - endometritis) can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, etc. They arise as a result of infection during childbirth, insemination or spread from neighboring organs.

Treatment consists of douching with antiseptic solutions, the use of ready-made gynecological products (candles, tablets, powders, emulsions, etc.). Diseases of the uterus, including its subinvolution, require complex treatment.

Diseases of the oviducts are more often recorded in cows and mares. Inflammatory processes (salpingitis) occur as complications during retention of the placenta, metritis, subinvolution of the uterus, with rough examination of the genital organs, the penetration of microbes from the pathological focus with blood flow, etc.

Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. Apply agents that enhance the contraction of the oviducts (oxytocin, pituitrin, etc.), as well as antiseptics (antibiotics, sulfa drugs, etc.).

Diseases of the ovaries often cause infertility in females of all animal species, but most often in cows and mares. There is a violation of reproductive and hormonal functions, so there are no or incomplete sexual cycles. Ovarian diseases are manifested by the following disorders: anaphrodisia, nymphomania, ovaritis, cysts (follicular, corpus luteum cyst), persistent corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, etc.

Treatment for ovarian diseases is carried out comprehensively, all types of therapy are used: pathogenetic (blockades, tissue preparations, vitamins, etc.), drugs (antibiotics, hormones, neurotropic substances, prostaglandins, etc.), surgery (removal of corpus luteum, ovarian cysts, etc.). in large animals through the rectum or abdominal wall), physiotherapy (ultrasound and laser therapy).

Infertility is a violation of the sexual (reproductive) function in an adult animal (female, male), associated with the inability to produce offspring. Signs of infertility in females are a long absence of estrus, repeated infertile insemination, etc. Infertility of females is established during a gynecological examination. Signs of infertility in males are the absence of sexual reflexes (different types of impotence), the absence of sperm in the ejaculate or their low activity, etc.

By origin, infertility can be congenital and acquired; according to the course of the process and the indications of the forecast - temporary (removable) and permanent (unremovable).

Illness (idleness)- the concept of economic and economic. It only applies to breeding stock. Barrenness is the number (in percent) of cows, sheep, mares that did not give birth during the calendar year, calculated per 100 queens. To eliminate barrenness means to annually receive 100 or more offspring from 100 queens. In the practice of animal husbandry, the main causes of infertility and barrenness can be shortcomings and errors in feeding and keeping queens; diseases; violations of the rules and technology of insemination of females (organizational shortcomings - poor preparation for insemination of females and males); violations of the rules for carrying out the brood of animals and rearing young animals at an early age.

According to the classification of A.P. Studentsov, there are seven forms of infertility in females and males.

1. Congenital (infantilism, hermaphroditism, cryptorchidism, anomalies in the development of the genital organs).

2. Senile (atrophic processes in the genitals).

3. Symptomatic (diseases of the genital organs, mastitis, etc.).

4. Alimentary (due to malnutrition or obesity).

5. Operational (exhaustion and overload of the animal organism).

6. Climatic (influence of cold and heat on sexual function).

7. Artificial (artificially acquired and artificially directed, depending on human activity).

In pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits and bitches (multiple animals), the pathology of reproduction can manifest itself not only in infertility, but also in infertility (when a pig has 3-4 piglets instead of 8-12, in sheep and goats - 1 lamb instead of 2 - 3, in rabbits - 2 - 4 rabbits instead of 6 - 8).

Infertility in animals (females and males) can be eliminated by a complex of zootechnical, veterinary, agronomic, organizational and economic measures, taking into account zonal characteristics.

Feeding and maintenance of pregnant animals are carried out in accordance with the norms and rations for feeding farm animals and veterinary and sanitary rules for dairy farms and complexes.

Dosed irradiation of animals with ultraviolet rays is organized in the premises. To do this, use stationary irradiators E01-ZOM, EO-2, as well as installations UO-4 and UO-4M. E01-ZOM, EO-2 erythema irradiators are installed at a height of 2-2.2 m from the floor, one source per 8-10 m2 of floor area in free-standing housing or one irradiator per 2 cows in stall-tethered housing. The irradiating unit UO-4M is hung on a cable at a height of 1 m from the back of the animals. The radiation dose is provided for 3 passes of the installation during the day.

In the summer, dry cows and heifers are provided with pasture and kept in camps equipped with sheds. At the same time, stationary premises are being repaired, cleaned, disinfected and sanitized.

In order to control the state of metabolism, identify early (clinical) signs of the presence and severity of hidden health disorders, predict the state of the reproductive function of animals, biochemical blood tests are carried out selectively from 10-15 dry cows and 10-15 heifers (most fully reflecting the average age, weight body and herd productivity) 2-3 weeks before birth at the beginning (October-November), middle (January) and at the end (March-April) of the winter-stall and in the middle (June-July) of the summer-pasture periods. In blood serum, the content of total protein, albumin, globulins, residual nitrogen, urea, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, vitamins A, C, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins is determined, in whole blood - glucose, ketone bodies, in plasma - alkaline reserve . High levels of total protein (7.3-8 g/100 ml), gamma globulins (1.6-2 g/100 ml), cholesterol (160-210 mg/100 ml), beta-lipoproteins (480-580 mg/100 ml) ), low concentration of vitamins A (25 µg/100 ml and less), C (less than 0.5 mg/100 ml) and low protein index (less than 0.75-0.70) characterize the predisposition of pregnant animals to obstetric pathology.

For sections of the maternity ward, permanent attendants are assigned, trained in the rules for receiving and caring for newborn calves, and round-the-clock duty is organized.

Diseases of the reproductive organs in farm animals should not be considered as local diseases of the genital organs, but as a general disease of the animal organism. Therefore, the system for the prevention of diseases of the reproductive organs should include a complex of economic and zootechnical, special veterinary and sanitary and hygienic measures when rearing replacement young animals, inseminating cows and heifers, preparing them for fruiting and childbirth, as well as in the postpartum period.
Clinically healthy heifers are selected for reproduction, taking into account the milk production and fertility of their parents. Replacement heifers are provided with full-fledged feeding, which allows reaching a body weight of 340-370 kg by the age of 18 months. For a 6-month milk period, they should receive 280-300 kg of whole milk, 400-600 kg of skim milk, 170-200 kg of concentrated feed, 200-300 kg of good hay and haylage, 300-400 kg of silage and root crops. According to clinical, morphological, biochemical and other parameters, their growth and development are controlled. If necessary, make appropriate adjustments to feeding and maintenance. In summer, preference is given to camp and pasture content.
During the period of insemination, the average daily weight gain should be above 500 g. When inseminating heifers and cows, they are guided by the instructions for artificial insemination of cows and heifers, veterinary and sanitary rules for reproduction.
Feeding and maintenance of pregnant animals are carried out in accordance with the norms and rations for feeding farm animals and veterinary and sanitary rules for dairy farms and complexes.
Deep-boned cows at the time of launch (60-65 days before the expected birth) are subjected to a full clinical examination, paying special attention to fatness, the condition of the hair and skin, bones, hoof horn, mammary gland, and body weight. Cows are subject to testing for subclinical mastitis by one of the rapid diagnostic tests. When indicated, a deeper study of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is carried out.
Clinically healthy animals are characterized by good fatness and general condition, shiny hairline, strong bones, correct gait and hoof shape, and the absence of subclinical or clinically pronounced mastitis.
If signs of mastitis, reduced fatness, impaired or perverted appetite, softening of the tail vertebrae, baldness in the region of the root of the tail and sacrum, loosening of the horny covers and teeth, lameness, indicating a metabolic disorder, are detected in animals, a complex of therapeutic measures is carried out, including means of etiotropic, symptomatic , dietary, general tonic and corrective therapy, as well as organizational, economic and zootechnical measures for the prevention of metabolic disorders and diseases of the mammary gland.
After a clinical examination, cleaning of the hair and skin, trimming the hooves of the animals, they are transferred to the dead wood group, where, depending on the technology, they are kept on a leash or without it in groups that are formed according to the expected calving time (60-45, 45-30, 30-10 days). Separately contain a group of heifers. For better fetal development and prevention of birth and postpartum complications, it is advisable to keep animals loose during the dry period.
A room for keeping dry cows and heifers is allocated at the rate of 18% of the total number of cows and heifers of the farm (complex), it must be equipped with a group den at the rate of at least 5 m2 of floor area per animal with individual boxes measuring 2x1.5 m and have a feeding area with a hard surface (8 m2) or without it (15 m2), a feeding front (0.8 m). The consumption of bedding (straw) is at least 1.5-2 kg per day. The bedding material must be uniform, dry and free of mold.
When tethered, pregnant cows and heifers are placed in stalls (1.2 x 1.9 m) equipped with feeders, drinkers and automatic ties. The floors in the machines can be wooden or cordoresin bitumen, in the aisles - concrete.
Dosed irradiation of animals with ultraviolet rays is organized in the premises. To do this, use stationary irradiators E01-ZOM, EO-2, as well as installations UO-4 and UO-4M. E01-ZOM, EO-2 erythema irradiators are installed at a height of 2-2.2 m from the floor, one source per 8-10 m2 of floor area in free-standing housing or one irradiator per 2 cows in stall-tethered housing. The irradiating unit UO-4M is hung on a cable at a height of 1 m from the back of the animals. The radiation dose is provided for 3 passes of the installation during the day.
In the winter-stall period, dry cows and heifers, under favorable weather conditions (absence of severe frosts, precipitation, wind, etc.), need to carry out active exercise for 2-3 hours at a distance of 3-4 km, for which they equip a running path with leveled ground and appropriate fencing, as well as walks lasting 5-7 hours a day on walking areas with a hard surface.
In the summer, dry cows and heifers are provided with pasture and kept in camps equipped with sheds. At the same time, stationary premises are being repaired, cleaned, disinfected and sanitized.
The level of feeding of cows and heifers in the dry period is determined by the body weight of the animal, the state of fatness, the expected milk production and should provide an increase in the body weight of the animal over this period by 10-12%. The diet of animals should be balanced in terms of energy, digestible protein, macro- and microelements, dry matter, fiber, contain 8-9 feed. units and include, kg: good hay - at least 5-6, high-quality silage - 10-15, good-quality haylage - 5-7, grass meal or cutting - 1, concentrated feed - 1.5-2, fodder beet and other root tubers 4-5, molasses 0.5-1, as well as mineral supplements in the form of table salt, caiodine, phosphorus-calcium salts. Each feed unit should have 100-120 g of digestible protein, 90-150 g of carbohydrates, 45-50 mg of carotene, 8-9 g of calcium, 6-7 g of phosphorus, 8-10 g of sodium chloride, 19-20 g of potassium, magnesium 5-6 g, copper 10 mg, zinc and manganese 50 mg each, cobalt and iodine 0.7 mg each, vitamin D 1 thousand IU, vitamin E 40 mg. The sugar-protein ratio should be 0.8-1.5:1, and calcium to phosphorus 1.5-1.6:1. The diet must be balanced on the basis of the chemical analysis of feed, carefully monitored for the content of macro- and microelements, vitamins, do not allow the use of feed containing impurities of salts of heavy metals, fluorine, arsenic, nitrates and nitrites, as well as residual amounts of preservatives or stabilizers.
During the dry period, twice on the 14-15th day after launch and 10-14th day after delivery, a clinical examination of the mammary gland is carried out by examination, palpation, trial compression and organoleptic evaluation of the secretion. Identified animals with mastitis are subjected to appropriate treatment.
In order to control the state of metabolism, identify early (clinical) signs of the presence and severity of hidden health disorders, predict the state of the reproductive function of animals, biochemical blood tests are carried out selectively from 10-15 dry cows and 10-15 heifers (most fully reflecting the average age, weight body and herd productivity) 2-3 weeks before birth at the beginning (October-November), middle (January) and at the end (March-April) of the winter-stall and in the middle (June-July) of the summer-pasture periods. In blood serum, the content of total protein, albumin, globulins, residual nitrogen, urea, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, vitamins A, C, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins is determined, in whole blood - glucose, ketone bodies, in plasma - alkaline reserve . High levels of total protein (7.3-8 g/100 ml), gamma globulins (1.6-2 g/100 ml), cholesterol (160-210 mg/100 ml), beta-lipoproteins (480-580 mg/100 ml) ), low concentration of vitamins A (25 µg/100 ml and less), C (less than 0.5 mg/100 ml) and low protein index (less than 0.75-0.70) characterize the predisposition of pregnant animals to obstetric pathology.
If necessary, in the blood of cows at the same time of pregnancy, the content of other vitamins, microelements, indicators of immunobiological and natural resistance, as well as sex and corticosteroid hormones is determined. In the normal course of pregnancy, the ratio of progesterone to estradiol concentrations is no more than 60, and cortisol to progesterone is not less than 7. Higher ratios of progesterone to estradiol and lower cortisol to progesterone indicate the risk of birth and postpartum obstetric pathology.
If deviations in metabolism are found in dry cows and heifers, comprehensive measures are developed for the prevention and treatment of animals by adjusting diets to replenish deficient nutrients, taking into account the quality and chemical composition of feed, as well as the additional prescription of vitamin and hepatotropic drugs, mineral premixes, synthetic antioxidants. In this case, the ratio of prescribed oil concentrates of vitamins A and D should be 10:1, and the use of vitamin E in the last 20 days of pregnancy is not allowed, since vitamin E, having a progesterone-like effect, inhibits the contractile function of the uterus.
Diprovit (at a daily dose of 5 g) or lipomide (at a daily dose of 1 g) are used as hepatotropic drugs, which are fed to pregnant cows for 4 weeks at the beginning of the dry period and for 2 weeks before childbirth. For this purpose and according to the same scheme, the drug Metavit is also used in a daily dose of 2 g.
With a low level of vitamins in the body of animals and feed, as drugs that normalize metabolism and prevent retention of the placenta and postpartum diseases, sodium selenite, barium selenite (depolen), beta-carotene oil solution can be used. A sterile aqueous 0.5% solution at a dose of 10 ml (0.1 ml of sodium selenite per 1 kg of body weight) is administered to cows once intramuscularly 20-30 days before the expected birth. Depolen (10 ml) is administered once at the beginning of the dry period. An oily solution of beta-carotene is used intramuscularly 30-45 days before the expected calving, 40 ml per injection for 5-7 days in a row.
In the system of measures for the prevention of birth and postpartum diseases, the obligatory equipment on each farm (complex) of replaceable maternity wards that meet zootechnical and veterinary and sanitary requirements, as well as the correct organization of their work, are important.
Each maternity ward should consist of three isolated sections: a prenatal one with an equipped room for the sanitation of animals, a maternity ward with maternity boxes (stores) and a postnatal one with a sectional dispensary. In the maternity ward, it is also necessary to have a room for providing obstetric care, conducting clinical and gynecological examinations and medical procedures, and a hospital for 10-12 animals for keeping sick animals. These rooms should be provided with obstetric and surgical kits, other necessary tools and medicines, solutions of disinfectants, and a fixation machine.
The number of livestock places in the maternity ward should be 16% of the number of cows and heifers in the complex (farm). In the prenatal (cattle places 2.5-3% of the total livestock of the farm) and postnatal (4.5-6%) sections, stall equipment OSK-25A is installed (stall length 2-2.2 m, width 1.5 m) . In the generic section for calving animals and keeping newborn calves on suction, isolated boxes are equipped at the rate of 2.5% of the farm's livestock. The width of the boxes is 3 m, the length is 3-3.5, the height is 1.7, the front door is 1.5 m wide and 1.7 m high.
The placement of internal equipment, the parameters of the microclimate of the premises of the maternity ward (as workshops for dry cows and heifers) are determined by the norms of technological design. The temperature in the maternity ward should be 16°C, relative humidity 70%, illumination 300 lux, allowable concentration of carbon dioxide 0.15%, ammonia 10 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide 5 mg/m3, microbial contamination 50 thousand m3, room volume per one animal 25 m3.
For sections of the maternity ward, permanent attendants are assigned, trained in the rules for receiving and caring for newborn calves, and round-the-clock duty is organized.
Transfer of cows to the prenatal section of the maternity ward of production 10 days before the expected birth after a clinical examination of them in order to detect prenatal diseases (vaginal eversion, swelling of pregnant women, etc.) and mastitis. Before placing in the section, the animals are sanitized in the shower room.
Silage is excluded from the diet of cows in the maternity ward and replaced with high-quality hay. When a pronounced udder edema appears in cows during the prenatal period, other succulent feeds are also excluded from the diet, and animals are fed only with roughage (hay). To activate the birth process and postpartum involution of the genital organs, prevent birth and postpartum diseases by increasing the neuromuscular tone of the uterus, its contractile retraction ability, cows admitted to the maternity ward daily, up to delivery, are fed with concentrated feed vitamin A at 200-250 thousand IE, vitamin D 20-25 thousand IE, vitamin C 2-3 g, vitamin B1 0.5-0.6 g, vitamin B12 O, I-0.15 g and dicalcium, monocalcium phosphate 50-60 g each .
When signs of childbirth appear in the shower room, the skin, external genitalia, and mammary glands are sanitized with washing-disinfecting solutions (0.5% solution of chloramine, furatsilin solution 1:5000, potassium permanganate 1:1000) and cows are transferred in clean, disinfected maternity boxes of the birth section, where calving is carried out, without the need for obstetric care, since physiologically proceeding childbirth (and the postpartum period) do not require constant intervention.
After birth, mucus from the nostrils, mouth, ears is removed from the calf with a napkin or towel, the umbilical cord is cut off (if a spontaneous rupture has not occurred), blood is squeezed out of the stump and disinfected with an iodine solution or 1% potassium permanganate solution, allow the cow to lick the calf well. After that, the cow is tied up, the mammary gland is treated (wrapped and wiped with a towel soaked in a disinfectant solution), the first one or two streams of milk containing an increased number of microbes are put into a separate bowl and destroyed. After the calf is on its feet, it is helped to find the udder teat. The first feeding of the calf with colostrum is carried out as early as possible, but no later than 1.5 hours after birth. The cow is fed amniotic fluid, colostrum or warm salted water.
The calf stays with the cow in the box for at least 24 hours, and with the suckling method of keeping - the entire colostrum period. At this time, cows can be milked 2-3 times a day. Then the calf is transferred to the dispensary section. Good results in calf rearing are achieved by using the regulated method of milking-sucking throughout the entire prophylactic period (20 days).
In case of manual watering, the calf (after being licked by the cow) is placed in the section of the dispensary, and the first watering with colostrum of the mother cow is carried out from a disinfected teat drinker.
From the maternity box, after weaning the calf, the cow is transferred to the postpartum section of the maternity ward, and the boxes (stalls and equipment) are thoroughly cleaned, washed, disinfected with a 3-4% hot solution of sodium hydroxide or a clarified solution of bleach in accordance with the instructions for disinfection of livestock, rooms and dried, after which they are used for the next birth. The sanitary gap must be at least three days. For washing and disinfection in the premises, it is necessary to install stationary disinfection units or use disinfection machines (DUK, VDM, LSD-2M, OM). For neutralization, bathrobes, towels and other linen are washed with detergents and boiled in a 1% solution of soda ash.
In the postpartum section, cows are kept for 10-12 days. Animals are fed with easily digestible feed. Particular attention is paid to compliance with machine milking regimes and the prevention of mastitis. From 3-4 days after birth, animals are provided with walks, active exercise and communication with a probe bull. After the expiration of the period of keeping fresh cows in the postpartum section, animals with normally proceeding involution of the genital organs are transferred to the insemination and milking group, and with signs of subinvolution of the uterus or endometritis - to the hospital or separate groups for treatment.
In the shop of dry cows and heifers, veterinarians systematically monitor the conditions of keeping, feeding, microclimate, organization of active exercise, in the maternity ward they conduct daily clinical examination of animals, qualified assistance in normal and pathological childbirth, pharmacoprophylaxis of retention of the placenta, timely detection and treatment of postpartum complications , maintaining a strict sanitary regime, regular current disinfection: passages and floors - daily, machines of the prenatal sector, maternity boxes and stalls of the postnatal sector - after each release from the animal, walls of the premises. - 2 times a month.
Control over the course of the prenatal period and childbirth is carried out by registering the precursors of childbirth, the nature and duration of the course of the birth act, the timing of the separation of the placenta.
Early clinical signs, indicating a high risk of postpartum diseases in cows, are the lengthening of the stage of excretion of the fetus up to 3-4 hours, spontaneous separation of the placenta later than 5-6 hours, pathological labor and the absence of cervical mucosal plug formation, as evidenced by abundant discharge from the first days after delivery of liquid bloody lochia.
Animals with clinical signs of the risk of developing postpartum pathology are parenterally prescribed uterotonic agents (2 ml of 2% sinestrol and 35-40 IU of oxytocin (or pituitrin) or autocolostrum at a dose of 20-25 ml).
Veterinary control over the course of the postpartum period is carried out by daily clinical examination of cows with registration of the nature of the excreted lochia and clinical and obstetric examination at 5-6, 10-14 and 25-30 days after birth. To assess the condition of the genitourinary tract, an external examination, vaginal and rectal examinations are carried out. Cows that had difficult pathological births are subject to clinical and obstetric research on 5-6 days after birth, deviations in the nature of the allocated lochia are revealed. Cows with a normal course of childbirth and the postpartum period are examined on the 10-14th day (before they are transferred to the insemination and milking shop). During these periods, subinvolution of the uterus, injuries of the genital organs, vestibulovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, and mastitis can be detected in animals. Animals with obstetric pathology are transferred to a hospital or to separate groups and subjected to appropriate complex treatment.
Clinical and obstetric examination of cows on the 25th-30th day after birth (with the exception of animals that showed the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle and were inseminated) is the final stage in the control of the reproductive function of calving cows. The study during this period allows us to identify the degree of completion of postpartum involution of the genital organs, subinvolution of the uterus, endometritis and other pathological processes. Treatment of identified sick animals is differentiated, taking into account the type and severity of the pathological process.
When keeping animals in the insemination and milking group, they provide proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, daily active exercise, communication of cows with a probe bull, the correct mode of machine milking and timely detection of heat and insemination of animals mainly in the first month after birth. The milking of cows in the first month after birth is carried out gradually. The set of feed should be varied and fully meet the needs of animals for digestible protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. In winter, high-quality hay and fodder root-tubers are necessarily fed.
An integral part of the fight against infertility in animals is the organization of a monthly medical examination of the breeding stock, including a system of organizational, economic, zootechnical and veterinary measures. At the same time, pregnancy, diseases of the reproductive organs are diagnosed, the clinical and physiological state and reproductive ability of animals are determined. According to the results of medical examination, specialists and management of farms take measures to eliminate the identified shortcomings, create conditions for physiologically sound reproduction of the herd, sick animals are subjected to appropriate treatment.