The most important question of me more. "Thus" is separated by commas or not? Everyone has a purpose in life

An introductory word or not - this is the question that the writer often faces when he has to use a word or expression with a not very important meaning, which, it would seem, is not necessary to understand the meaning of the phrase. Are commas needed here, where to put them - all these questions very often cause difficulties. That is why the question so often arises whether the word “thus” is distinguished by commas or not, although it is solved very simply: these words do not require signs, except in rare cases.

"Thus" is separated by commas

Before a phrase

It is very rare to find sentences built using the union “thus”. In this case, a comma is needed to separate parts of the complex sentence.

• The teacher allowed himself to get emotional, shed tears, open his soul, thus he demonstrated, according to the students, some weakness.
• However, the hero of the work was not at all frightened and did not lose his head in an unusual situation, thus he showed himself to be a decisive and exceptionally brave person.

No comma needed

However, much more often, when combining “thereby”, commas are not put, since it is not an introductory or union. It can be synonymous with "thus"; in a sentence it is usually a circumstance.

• We often visited this place and sat for a long time under the canopy of an old oak tree, thereby giving, as best we could, a debt of memory to our dead friends.
• Sergei Sergeevich was not surprised and thereby gave reason to suspect that he had already heard from someone about the incident.

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While most people feel comfortable within their beliefs, there are some who are interested in exploring the true nature of things. These are the people who discovered the power of deep thinking, driven by curiosity with an almost unlimited desire to know the truth.

Deep thinking will help you broaden your perspective and see the big picture and can enrich your life.

Here are some deep thought questions to ask yourself:

1. What lies beyond the observable universe?

We know that our solar system is part of a huge galaxy. We also know that there are approximately 100 to 200 billion galaxies in the “close proximity” to Earth. This is what scientists call the observable universe.

But what lies beyond what is observable?

There are even more galaxies and these galaxies go on indefinitely?

Are these galaxies part of one universe, or are they part of many other universes?

In this regard, the question arises: is our Universe all that is, or do we live in?

Is the universe/multiverse just incredibly big or is it infinite?

2. What happened before the big bang?

The big bang theory describes how the universe began. This is a model that seeks to understand how the universe is rapidly expanding from a state of high density.

For scientists, the big bang marks the beginning of everything. But what happened before the big bang? Nothing? What caused the singularity - that is, the birth of the universe?

3. Are there more than three dimensions?

The question of why we live in a universe with three visible dimensions is itself thought provoking. However, it also raises questions about the possibility that there are more than three dimensions.

Daily life shows us that we clearly live in a world with three dimensions. Height, depth and width affect everything we do. But is there anything else besides what we see?

The theory of everything suggests that there can be more dimensions—much more. Interestingly enough, when string theory is applied to nine spatial dimensions, everything starts to fluctuate. All mathematical theories assume that the fabric of the universe will fall apart without these nine or more dimensions.

4. Is your perception of reality akin to someone else's experience of reality?

Of course, we all live very different lives. We all grew up in completely different environments and have different opinions about almost everything.

But what's really interesting is the question: do we all perceive reality in the same way?

For example, due to the different differences in our brains, each of us perceives colors differently. Of course, we all know what a red or yellow T-shirt looks like. But does everyone perceive this particular color in the same way? Hardly.

At the same time, everything we experience in life is not interpreted objectively. Instead, the events of the world are always subjectively interpreted by our brains. Based on our attitudes, beliefs, and the culture we grew up in, we may perceive these experiences in a very different way.

5. How did life originate and evolve on Earth?

Today, science is trying to explain how life developed on planet Earth. Scientists have a good understanding of human evolution, but how life itself began remains one of the greatest mysteries.

If you've ever heard of evolution, you'll know that the earth was formed as a result of frequent collisions with other celestial bodies about 4.5 billion years ago. Then it was a molten and highly toxic planet. Her environment was so toxic that she simply couldn't sustain any life. But how is it possible that life could arise from nothing? What caused the initial development of life?

Scientists know approximately when life began, but they still cannot answer the question of how life began. The origin of life remains a largely unknown fact. There are certain hypotheses, but there is no definite answer.

6. Is there life after death?

The question of whether there is life after death is perhaps the greatest mystery of all. While we all have certain opinions about the concept of death, no one knows for sure. Some people firmly believe in an afterlife, while others are equally convinced that there is nothing at all after death. We may not know until we've gone through this.

7. What is the nature of reality?

Some of the greatest minds have thought deeply about the nature of reality. This is a supreme philosophical question that cannot be answered so simply. For centuries, men and women have tried to understand life, consciousness and reality. But only a few have found convincing answers.

Is life really just a physical manifestation of matter and energy? Or is reality entirely a psychic manifestation?

If life is entirely physical, it can only be investigated empirically - the scientific method. However, if there are also psychic aspects of reality, introspection can be another way to explore.

8. Why do the Sun and Moon seem to be the same size?

We know that the Sun is much larger than the Moon. However, when viewed from Earth, the Sun and Moon appear to be about the same size.

The reason for this is that the Sun is about 400 times larger than the Moon, but at the same time about 400 times further away. As a consequence, the Sun appears to be the same size as the Moon.

But isn't it a strange coincidence that the Sun is 400 times bigger and 400 times further away? Is this just a coincidence or a suggestive question?

9. Is there life in other galaxies?

For most scientists, the question is not “is there”, but rather “where”. What is even more interesting is to think about what kind of life there might be.

Are there other organisms, such as microbes and bacteria, on planets in distant galaxies? And is it possible that there is also intelligent life? What would these sentient beings from distant galaxies look like?

10. Do you shape your own destiny?

Another interesting question to think about is the topic of fate. Do you think that you are in control of your destiny, or do you believe that your future is already shaped and that you are simply moving along a path that someone or something has set for you?

This is a thought-provoking question about free will and the power to shape your own destiny.

11. Do people get better through the generations?

If we look at the evolution of man, we see that there has been continuous progress over the past centuries. Of course, there have been ups and downs, but it cannot be denied that there have been significant improvements.

In this technological age, however, it is interesting to speculate, are humans really getting better with each generation? This question is not so much aimed at scientific and technological progress. It focuses more on human qualities and behavior. Have we really evolved over decades? Were our ancestors morally and intellectually less gifted than we are?

12. Human morality studied?

Where does morality come from? Is this what we absorb from our families, friends and teachers? Or is it something innate that lies within us?

If we absorb morality from our families, then how did it come about one day, from our most distant ancestors?

13. Is life better now than in the past?

When we look at this question superficially, we can come to the conclusion that life is much better now than, for example, 50, 200 or even a thousand years ago. However, this judgment is based mainly on advances in various fields such as technology, health care, human rights and ease of life.

But if we subtract these achievements from our consideration, is modern life much better than in the past? Are we happier today than people were 50 years ago? Are we leading a more fulfilling and meaningful life?

Is it possible that our ancestors were also satisfied with their lives, despite much harsher conditions?

14. What will the Apocalypse look like?

Scientists keep telling us that the Sun will eventually run out of the hydrogen that powers it. Once this point is reached, will die. But before that happens, it will begin to expand until it eventually destroys everything that is left on Earth.

It's actually interesting to think about how the Apocalypse will play out. Will it be 5 billion years from now, or will humans have settled in other galaxies by then? Perhaps the Apocalypse is much closer than many might think. Perhaps people will cause some kind of apocalyptic events or asteroids will contribute to this?

15. Man will never be able to populate other planets?

With impressive advances in space technology, it seems quite realistic that humans will eventually start living on other planets. We are preparing to send a manned . Are these plans only the beginning of the Great Colonization of other planets?

This development need not be limited to Mars alone. Perhaps humans will be able to identify Earth-like planets in other solar systems and live on those planets in the same way.

16. Can an alleged offender be imprisoned before the crime is committed?

Philip K. Dick's sci-fi short story "Minority Report" makes you think about working with crime forecasts. If we assume that one day in the future, advanced algorithms, or something else entirely, can predict crime, do we have the moral right to imprison people long before they commit a crime?

17. Is there something greater than ourselves?

If you're looking for a really debatable question, it's the question of whether there is a Higher Power. A large number of living people today feel (at least in some way) something greater than themselves. There are approximately 900 million atheists, and many more people who believe in a higher power.

While non-believers and believers are firmly convinced of their beliefs, it is not easy or even impossible to find a definitive answer to the question.

Either way, it's equally interesting to contemplate: did the world just emerge from brilliant coincidences, or is there some "supreme power" that set it all in motion?

18. Which is worse: failing or not even trying?

Otherwise, this question may sound like this: Is it better to do and regret than to regret what you didn’t do? You may deeply despise failure and fear failure, but is that worse than not trying at all?

19. Can small changes make a big difference in people's lives?

Often, even small changes can have a huge impact on people's lives, whether it's economic or political change, or the discovery of some new drug. Do you think there is something that can be changed in this world that can benefit hundreds or even thousands of other people?

20. What would you change in this world?

Let's say you were given the power to change just one aspect of this world, what would it be? Would you change anything for yourself and your life? Or did you change something that would help other people lead a better life, even if you didn't gain anything from it?

21. For what reason or for whom would you sacrifice your life?

How much more important is your life for you than the life of your loved ones - are you ready to sacrifice it for the sake of someone close to you? Is there a person in your life for whom you would sacrifice your life?

Could you sacrifice your life to save a large group of people, perhaps even strangers to you?

22. What is the most important question in the world?

There are many questions that humanity needs to solve. But what do you think - what is the most important issue that needs to be resolved right away? What issue is so important that all other issues seem less important?

23. What events in your life have influenced you the most?

Who you have become is largely shaped by circumstances and life experiences. But think about what were the most important events in your life that influenced your development and shaped you into the person you are today.

24. What is happiness?

Often we strive for something more, in the hope that by adding something new to our lives, we will eventually become happy. However, it looks like this mouse romp will never end. At the same time, we strive to fulfill all our desires, without even realizing that they are to some extent insatiable.

Food for thought: what is true happiness, where does it come from? Can true happiness be found only within oneself, or are there external sources that allow one to be happy?

25. Will we ever know the truth about everything?

Recently, more and more new knowledge and achievements are opening up before us. Mankind today knows much more than the mankind of past centuries, however, there are still many mysteries and. But what if, one day, scientific progress reaches knowledge to such an extent that we can explain any phenomenon in life? Will life without a secret become more interesting? What will we strive for when we know everything?

26. Is it possible to do something wrong if no one knows?

In most cases, we are held back from bad deeds by the fear of being exposed and punished. But if no one knows about your immoral act, would it be okay to do it?
And can this act be considered wrong if no one ever finds out about it and condemns you? Would you be able to do something like this?

27. Will the future be much better than now?

Life is already much better today than it was 50 years ago when you look at the great strides we have made in areas such as technology and healthcare. If this rapid progress continues into the future, will our descendants live much better than we do today? What would this life look like?

28. How do you know that your beliefs are true?

You know how quickly beliefs about certain things can change. (People once believed the earth was flat.) You may have once firmly believed in something, but eventually discovered the true nature of things and realized that you were wrong. How can you be so sure that your current beliefs are absolutely correct?

29. What lie do you repeatedly tell yourself?

We all lie to ourselves, day after day. Sometimes, you may be expecting something unrealistic from your life, thereby being deceived. Do you understand when you lie to yourself? And even more interesting, how many lies do you repeatedly tell yourself? Could you stop lying to yourself?

30. Do villains consider themselves heroes?

In most films, villains are portrayed as truly evil. There are only a few films that explore the underlying motives behind the antagonist's behavior.

The same is true for reality. While there are scary psychopaths who do evil things for no good reason, it's also possible that there are people who do evil things because they think it's the right thing to do.

This is a thought-provoking question: Are there such evil people who truly believe they are heroes?

31. Are you really free?

If you are reading this article, chances are high that you live in a free and open society. But sometimes, people live within a psychic prison. They may perceive themselves as free, but theirs is theirs. At the same time, there may be boundaries that society imposes on us without trapping us in a physical prison.

Can you honestly tell yourself that you are leading a free life? How can you increase your level of personal freedom?

32. Does everyone have a purpose in life?

Does every person have a purpose in life? Is your existence really meaningful?

Finding your life's purpose is definitely not an easy task. Do you find the purpose of your life or create it yourself? How sure are you that you are really responsible for creating your purpose in life?

33. If no one observes an event, does it happen?

Every day, something happens in the world that no one, not even animals, is watching this event. But do these things really happen if no one notices?

Will a tree falling in the forest make a noise if no living being hears it? Will the world exist if for some reason there is not a single observer left?

34. Are you the same person you were 7 or 10 years ago?

Every day, body cells die and are replaced by others. This is a normal process that occurs throughout our lives. Curiously, white blood cells have an incredibly long life span of over a year. This means that all the cells in the body are replaced after just over a year. Other cells live much less, some are even replaced within an hour.

Are you still the same person you were a few years ago, even though every cell in your body has been replaced?

35. If you could live forever, what would you do?

Eternal life is quite an interesting concept. But what would you do if you could live forever? Do you think the advantage of not dying outweighs the potential disadvantages?

Is it easy to see all the people you love die over and over again?

36. Will there be a time when there will be no war?

If there is one constant thing in human history, it is war. Will there be a time when world peace will come?

Will humanity of the entire planet be able to find a common language in their views? Will we stop hunting for foreign territory and resources, given that there are more and more people every year?

37. What makes people evil?

What makes people do evil? Is it something that comes from within? Or could it be a potential influence of external circumstances?

Do you consider yourself evil? Do you wish someone harm in your thoughts? Or are you doing evil without knowing it yourself?

38. If your resources were unlimited, would you like to live a different life?

Would you greatly change your life if you had access to unlimited resources? Would you be a completely different person?

How would your life change if you had an inexhaustible source of income? What would you do when you were fed up with luxury?

39. If the resurrection were real, would you use it?

If you had such an opportunity, would you like to bring back a long-dead person for whom you yearn so much? What if he really is in a better world, how selfish is it to bring him back to this world?

40. Is love really your choice?

We used to think that love is something special, peculiar only to people, but scientists explain falling in love with the result of chemical processes in the body. Animals during the mating season produce the same hormones as people in love.

Now think about it - do you love because you want to love, or because nature intended it that way? If the hormones of love cease to be produced by the body, does this mean that you will not be able to fall in love?

Dedicated to the revolutionary past of our country. Together with Russian historians, politicians and political scientists, we recall the key events, figures and phenomena of those years. Igor Grebenkin, Doctor of Historical Sciences, told Lente.ru about why the Provisional Government did not live up to the hopes placed on it and how the fate of its members developed after the October Revolution.

Which ones are temporary?

Lenta.ru: What kind of people were in the Provisional Government in 1917? Is it possible to say that their role in history is underestimated or, conversely, overestimated?

Igor Grebenkin: When we talk about the Provisional Government, it must be remembered that in the historically insignificant period of its existence - less than eight months - it went through three crises and changed four compositions, experiencing a gradual drift to the left. Its first composition consisted of 11 portfolios, and the only left in it was Minister of Justice Alexander Kerensky. In the fourth composition, among the 17 members, the leading role was played by right-wing socialists - the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks, and Alexander Konovalov remained the only Cadet minister who retained his post since March.

What figures in it were the brightest?

First of all, these are the heads of the Duma factions and liberal parties Alexander Guchkov and Pavel Milyukov - the "heroes" of the liberal opposition to tsarism. A curious figure should be recognized as Mikhail Tereshchenko, who by 1917 was 31 years old. A big businessman and a prominent freemason, he was not a party leader and a deputy of the State Duma, but remained a minister in all four governments.

How did relations develop between members of the Provisional Government?

Although these people were united by their activities in the liberal and left-wing factions of the State Duma, they belonged to different political trends. Behind everyone was their own burden of very complex mutual relations and conflicts. Definitely the "black sheep" among them was originally the only left minister - Kerensky, who was the link between the government and the Petrograd Soviet.

The most pretentious ministers of the first composition of the government were veterans of the State Duma Guchkov and Milyukov. Minister of War Guchkov started a large-scale purge of the command staff of the army, which led to very controversial results. Foreign Minister Milyukov was notable for his propensity for conflicts.

It was the "Note of Milyukov" about Russia's loyalty to allied obligations in April 1917 that led to the first government crisis and the resignation of the most prominent liberal ministers.

Did he make this statement without consulting anyone?

The fact is that the government shared his position, but the social situation of that time was characterized by a steady shift to the left of mass sentiment. The statements of the Minister of Foreign Affairs that the Provisional Government of revolutionary Russia intends to comply with all allied obligations and bring the war to a victorious end caused an outburst of indignation, not only in socialist circles, but simply among the urban population and military personnel. For them, the revolution was an event that promised radical changes, and the main one was to end the war, the meaning of which for the absolute majority of society had been lost during the three war years.

Democracy and reality

There are regular references to the fact that members of the Provisional Government took over the government of the country and the people, whom they did not know and did not understand, and naive faith in the people was interspersed with fear of the "dark masses".

Here it is worth bearing in mind one circumstance: for Russia, even at the beginning of the 20th century, it was customary to understand “society” and “people” as two different categories. Society is an educated part of the population that has some kind of systemic education, lives in cities, has a service and a job. And the huge mass of the population, more than 80 percent, is agrarian, peasant Russia, which was usually denoted by the word "people".

The confrontation between "society" and "people" existed both in practice and in the minds of politicians. The whole feature of the political life of the 20th century is that the “people” begins to declare itself as an independent force with its own ideas and interests. In this sense, I am ready to agree that no one in the Provisional Government could imagine how to get hold of these "dark masses". And this applies to the first composition, and all subsequent ones.

Was it true that the members of the Provisional Government were characterized by idealism and confidence that they could build a democratic state in Russia simply by introducing the institutions characteristic of democracy?

The provisional government is a very specific phenomenon. Its very name characterizes its role in the political process. I do not think that they considered it their goal to introduce a democratic system in Russia - except perhaps the most presumptuous, like Kerensky. The Provisional Government faced completely different tasks. The main one was to ensure the election and convocation of the Constituent Assembly, which was to solve the most pressing problems of the country.

That is the tragedy of the Provisional Government, of all its structures, that specific, obvious tasks were not solved - they were afraid to even approach them.

The main thing was the question of the war, the agrarian question and the question of the political future of Russia. They can be varied in their degree of importance, but all of them, in one way or another, focused on the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. Only the last composition of the Provisional Government approached its preparation in practice, and even then in the conditions of the most severe crisis, when the danger loomed both on the right and on the left.

Why did the first teams not even try to solve this issue?

Their political experience allowed them to assume that society and the entire political situation still had a margin of safety. The Constituent Assembly was supposed to solve the most important problems that the political revolution brought to the agenda: the political future of Russia and the agrarian question. But it seemed right to postpone the reforms until the end of the war. It turned out that these questions turned into a vicious circle.

By autumn, both the right and the left realized that the question of concluding peace had become tantamount to a question of power. The one who will allow it, who has a specific program, will govern Russia. In the end, it did.

bohemia man

Who was Alexander Kerensky?

Describing this undoubtedly bright character of the revolutionary era, it must be emphasized that, in essence, he did not belong to state or political circles. Rather, it is a man of Bohemia.

Here you need to understand what a popular, sought-after metropolitan lawyer was like at the beginning of the 20th century. Of course, this is a person who is not devoid of a wide variety of talents, but, probably, legal training is not the first and not the main one. The main one is oratory and acting gift, enterprise, a penchant for adventure. In Tsarist Russia, an open court was not just a legal procedure, but an open platform for discussing topical social and sometimes even political issues. Kerensky gained popularity precisely as a lawyer in political affairs.

And so he comes to the State Duma, to its left wing, and then energetically makes his way into the first composition of the Provisional Government. The secret of success is his connections in the left and democratic revolutionary circles. For Kerensky, unlike many of his associates, the dominant feature was the desire to stay afloat all the time.

Opinions about him have always been different, sometimes polar: some considered him a bright figure and leader, others - a buffoon and political vulgarity. He himself, regardless of anything, tried to stay on the crest of the wave, no matter what happened.

The stage connected with the August crisis can only be explained by understanding this essence of Kerensky. The point is that there was certainly an attempt to collude with the military, and as a result, Kerensky lacked self-control and readiness to go to the end, and besides, there was no mutual trust between them. This is well known - Kornilov despised Kerensky, Kerensky was afraid of Kornilov and those who stood behind him.

What motivated him in the conflict with his former comrades-in-arms and Kornilov after the July events?

He managed for some time to push back the opposition from the left in the person of the Bolsheviks, accusing them of preparing a coup and in connection with the enemy, that is, with Germany. The search for a coalition from the right became logical - in the person of the highest generals and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Lavr Kornilov. Definitely, they had plans for joint efforts. The only thing missing was time and mutual trust, and this led to the August crisis.

As a result, contacts with the military were cut off, Kornilov and his associates were arrested and under investigation, and after that Kerensky could no longer count on serious support in military circles. In September and early October, the last members of the Provisional Government make convulsive efforts to at least not lose the initiative.

On September 1, 1917, Russia was proclaimed a republic. Neither the government nor the Prime Minister definitely had such powers. This issue was to be decided by the Constituent Assembly. However, Kerensky took such a step, hoping to gain popularity in leftist circles. The political improvisation of the government and the Prime Minister continued. In the second half of September, the Democratic Conference is convened, from which the Pre-Parliament is then separated. But these bodies no longer had the resources - neither time nor trust - because the most serious opposing force, this time from the left, is the Soviets and the Bolsheviks, who since the beginning of October have definitely headed for a violent armed seizure of power.

Did the so-called "Kerenshchina" really clear the way for the Bolsheviks?

If we understand by "Kerensky" the period from July to October, that is, the period when Kerensky was the head of the Provisional Government, then we can say that this is so. But with one caveat: in this case, probably, it was not the efforts of Kerensky and the Provisional Government that played a role, but the objective course of events that cleared the way for the Bolsheviks. They proposed solutions that more and more appealed to the broad masses of the population, and not to "society" in the then accepted sense.

Despite the defeat in the days of the July crisis, the Bolsheviks manage to gradually take control of the Soviets, which has never happened before. At the same time, the movement comes from below: since the summer, the Bolsheviks have become the most recognized force in grassroots cells, such as factory committees in large cities, and after the Kornilov events, in military committees at the front and in the rear.

They fought for it for a long time...

After the Kornilov events, they gradually squeezed out their right-wing opponents from the Soviets as well. By the way, it was the Bolsheviks who responded to the call of the Provisional Government to defend democracy. Having mobilized the workers, they created military revolutionary formations, which became the force that carried out the coup in October.

The period between February and October is not only the mistakes and failures of the then Russian authorities. This is also a completely logical and consistent path, which, together with political Russia, the masses are making.

As for the figure of Kerensky, the opposite process takes place with him. He was repeatedly and reasonably accused of Bonapartism, that is, maneuvering between various political forces in the absence of his own clear platform.

Can we say that he was most interested in power?

Power instills a sense of responsibility in some, hypnotizes others, depriving them of the ability to adequately perceive reality. Kerensky played a very dangerous game, trying to form a party with the right against the left, and then, breaking with the right, seek support from the left...

Repression and emigration

How did the fate of the ministers of the Provisional Government develop in the future, after the October Revolution?

The last cabinet had 17 portfolios. In the Winter Palace, 15 of its members and several other officials who ended up there more or less by accident were arrested. They were escorted to the Peter and Paul Fortress, but within a short time they were all released.

This is an extremely curious situation connected with the first days of the October Revolution. After the Bolsheviks came to power, society began to hope that tough power, no matter where it came from - on the right, on the left - would finally stop the collapse that had lasted for eight months under the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, however, had not yet encountered open opposition from the bourgeois and right-wing socialist parties. Therefore, such "liberal" phenomena as the release of ministers are observed.

The fates of two Cadets ministers, Andrei Shingarev and Fyodor Kokoshkin, were the most tragic. In January 1918, both were in the Mariinsky prison hospital and there they were killed by soldiers and sailors who broke in. The Council of People's Commissars appointed an investigation, some of the perpetrators were identified, but in those conditions it was not possible to bring this matter to an end.

And if we talk about the fate of the last cabinet?

We can say that he shared in two. Eight people ended up in exile, some were engaged in political activities, some were not. The most famous figure is probably Finance Minister Mikhail Bernatsky, who was known as a major Russian specialist in public finance. He played a prominent role in the White movement, was a member of a special meeting under the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia, Anton Denikin. For a significant time he served as the head of the financial department there. Died in exile.

The other part remained in Soviet Russia, and their fates turned out differently. Several ministers of the last composition of the Provisional Government, who survived until the end of the 1930s, were repressed during the Great Terror. In particular, these are the Mensheviks Pavel Malyantovich and Alexei Nikitin.

One of the most prominent representatives of Russian Freemasonry was Nikolai Nekrasov, who held the posts of Minister of Communications and Finance in various governments. He managed to remain in major responsible positions in the economic sphere for twenty years. He was repressed only during the years of the Great Terror.

Some ministers of the Provisional Government, who did not live to see the Great Terror, remained in Soviet economic work, engaged in science - for example, Sergei Salazkin, the Minister of Public Education, who died in 1932. Noteworthy is the figure of Alexander Liverovsky, the Minister of Railways in the last composition of the Provisional Government, who was engaged in the restoration of railways in the 1920s, showed himself as one of the most authoritative experts in the field of communications in the 1930s, advised the construction of the Moscow Metro, and in years of the Great Patriotic War was engaged in planning and construction of the famous Road of Life for the besieged Leningrad. Having received many Soviet awards, he died in the 1950s.

And Guchkov and Milyukov?

They left the Provisional Government during the first government crisis, and later both represented the Right Opposition. Both of them contributed at the stage of the beginning of the Civil War, being the inspirers of the White movement. Both died in exile.

Path from February to October

Was the failure of the Provisional Government natural and inevitable?

The Provisional Government faced specific tasks that needed to be solved; it was necessary to react very energetically to the rapidly changing political situation. Alas, the representatives of the political elite of the then Russia who entered the cabinet did not have the appropriate abilities. As a result of the decision, decrees, laws of the Provisional Government, which were supposed to defuse the situation in the country, on the contrary, aggravated it. Aphoristically: the path of the Provisional Government is the path from February to October.

From bad to worse?

As a historian, I refrain from evaluative categories like "good" - "bad", "better" - "worse". After all, when someone is bad, the other is very good.

The path of the Provisional Government ran from crisis to crisis. It would be wrong to unequivocally answer the question of what is to blame - the personal qualities of the ministers or the features of the situation in the country. The qualities of the ministers and the composition of the cabinet reflected the social and political situation. The Provisional Government did not direct this process, it only followed it.

Ecology of life Life hack: Sometimes the success of a business lies not in what answers we find to the questions posed, but in what questions we ask.

Sometimes the success of a business lies not in the answers we find to the questions posed, but in the questions we ask. Almost every creative session that I participated in, for the most part, consisted of well-chosen and structured questions. Not for nothing, we called such a list of questions "Key". The beauty was that everyone answered them in their own way and gave a unique result. When a large group of people gathered, their answers most likely not only solved the problem, but also offered many solutions to choose from, even in cases where it seemed that there was no solution at all.

The benefit of interrogative sentences is that our brain is designed in such a way that it cannot stop thinking. He is always busy with his work, and is always in a state of searching for answers. Any question forces him to find the answer. In this article, I offer a list of 10 ways that will surely help you ask the right questions in any situation.

1. Questions about the problem itself.

The surest way to solve a problem is to ask questions about the problem itself. The beauty is that the brain itself will generate answers, you just need to try to ask the most versatile questions. In addition, after a series of questions, even if you do not find the answer right away, then do not be discouraged. Your brain continues to work on finding a solution already in the background!

2. Questions in a different formulation.

A lot depends on the packaging. Whatever question you solve is the answer you get. Play with the wording of your problem, how can it be formulated differently? Surely the problem can be solved in several ways, what will be the question for each satisfactory solution to the problem? Check if the wording of the question is correct.

3. Issues in time.

Focus on time frames. If the question is specific, expand it; if it is too broad, narrow it down. For example: "How can I improve my life?" or "How can I improve my life this month" or "What can I do today to improve my life?"

4. Questions in other directions.

The search for a solution cannot proceed in one direction. It could also be a change of direction. From geographical: "Where else can we find the thing we need?" to the mental: "Now let's forget about the disadvantages, what advantages do you see?".

5. Issues for improving education.

Every teacher knows that the most effective student is the one who wants to learn. In this case, questions are a great way to stimulate creative thinking and work much better than just giving the right answer.

Instead of just an explanation, it is better to simply ask the question: "What do you think would happen in this case if we changed our actions ...", "What result will we get if we do not take into account the costs at the initial stage .."

The same type of questions works great not only at an institute or school, but also in a business environment. The habit of answering the question of a subordinate "What about in this case?" answer the question "What do you think should be done?" - saves not only time, but also teaches the employee to think independently.

6. Questions to keep the conversation going.

Questions are great for connecting people. If you are asking questions, then you are almost certainly listening to what is being said to you. A good question can not only enliven the conversation, but also involve new participants in it.

Recently, dialogues are increasingly turning into monologues in turn. Instead of listening to each other, each side now and then waits for its turn to talk. Simple questions "How can I help?", and "Have you experienced something like this before?" - a great way to show that you are listening to the interlocutor and participate yourself in HIS conversation.

7. Questions for critical thinking.

We often talk about completely different things. It's a shame to spend a lot of time and find out that the other person meant something completely different from what we thought, and he did not fully understand us. To prevent this from happening, you need not be afraid to ask simple questions, which, moreover, may seem naive.

As effective initial questions, you can use the "Kipling Technique": "Who exactly did this?", "Why did they do it", "Did I understand you correctly, you say that ..."

8. Questions to shift attention.

Changing your point of view is easier said than done. If we are sure of something as an absolute, then it is very difficult to question this absolute. Try to shift your attention away from the obvious. If someone says "It's impossible", it's better to ask "How can we make it possible?" or "Under what conditions will it work?" etc.

9. Questions for introspection.

This can be a powerful tool for finding answers about the meaning of one's own life. A great place to start is with the "100 Questions" technique, which consists of only the questions that are important to you at the moment. Then you can narrow this list down to the 20 most important and return to them periodically.

10. Interrogation as a way of life.

Developing the habit of asking yourself questions can be very, very helpful. I believe that questions are the most basic way to develop and stimulate our brain activity. But how to make it a habit, a skill - to ask yourself versatile questions? Like everything in this life - with practice. Carry a notepad and pen with you, or write down incoming questions on your phone.

Learn to be comfortable with unresolved issues and learn how to solve them. Play with them and your quality of life will surely improve. published

A young Briton named Douglas Adams decided to hitchhike to Istanbul right before entering college: to see the world and show himself. But the story ended in a complete fail: the dude was caught by the Turkish authorities and expelled from the country. It's good that at least they didn't plant it! Many years later, when Adams was writing the script for a new fantastic radio show, he remembered exactly this story.

Many enlightened dudes have already understood that we are talking about a series of novels "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" or "The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy". It all started as a radio show. It was the first successful non-traditional fantasy play that had quite a few traditional fantasy elements. On March 8, 1978, the first part of this story came out. She immediately had a great many fans. The management of the radio station was in complete shock: they had no idea that this show could become popular. “Half an hour of play on words and philosophical jokes about the meaning of life and fish in the ears,” they said about the show. And they were right. The fact is that for the leadership, science fiction was an absolutely primitive genre with chases, shuttles, gray men and blasters, these bureaucrats had no idea that there was another kind of fantasy. And the "Guidebook ..." was just another fantasy.

Non-fans of blaster-shmasters will remember the show for being a wonderful satire on the surrounding reality with excellent British humor in the spirit of Monty Python. In addition, nowhere did human nature go through like this: at that time in science fiction there was an opinion that humanity is, if not the pinnacle of the development of an intelligent life form, then somewhere close to it. Adams, like Stanislav Lem, argued the opposite: there can be no civilization that believes that the pinnacle of progress is an electronic wrist watch, to take place among the representatives of progressive races. And this is especially memorable for everyone.

The first novel in the series was published in 1979. The book was a resounding success. Firstly, the book could literally be parsed into quotes, there was a sea of ​​original, caustic, meaningless and deeply meaningful phrases. There was a plot in the books, but, by God, many who read the story will not be able to reproduce it in detail: it is extremely confusing. But absolutely anyone who has read the book can easily answer the "Main Question" - well, or remember a couple of quotes.

Actually, where does "42" come from? Fans of the series will remember this episode with warmth and pleasure, and it will surely make newcomers read the book (shame on you, dude, we're throwing beautiful words around here, now go download it or buy a book and read it!). Some ancient, smart, progressive, but passion, what a lazy race decided that they had a bloody nose to answer the most important question. What's question? Well, the most important! Everyone knows him, right, dude? For this purpose, they built a supercomputer that would give an answer to it. Let's just say it was a very lazy race! When the computer was ready, the best of the best asked the "Main Question", to which the computer replied that it needed 9 million years to find the answer. After this period, the delegation of smart people again asked the computer. The dudes were full of languor and were sure that all their moral problems were over from now on and forever and ever. But it was not there! The computer gave the answer: "42". If you thought that this is complete nonsense and heresy, then we will explain everything to you now. The fact is that the ancient progressive race not only did not know the answer, but also did not understand that they had asked the absolutely wrong question. And what was the computer thinking all this time? We do not know, but we know for sure that he counted everything.

The story of a simple Englishman Arthur Dent is the story of the last man on Earth. Not the last though... But she's definitely worth your attention, man.

After the "Guidebook ..." books such as "Restaurant at the End of the Universe", "Life, the Universe and Everything" and "All the best and thanks for the fish!" came out. There were also a couple of books, only in 2001 Adams died of a heart attack, so most of his fans believe that the cycle is not completed. Well, as it is not completed, we can tell you with confidence that everything is over. Everything!