Technologies and equipment for the production of soft dosage forms. Coursework: Soft dosage forms for local use

To soft dosage forms include patches, transdermal therapeutic systems, ointments, pastes, liniments, suppositories. Patches are a dosage form for external use in the form of a mass capable of adhering to the skin surface or a medicinal mass applied on a flat carrier. Also capable of sticking to the skin. The plasters are used to protect the affected areas of the skin, to fix the bandages and wound edges, to provide a local or resorptive effect. Plasters are written out in an abbreviated form. A variety of patches are transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), which provide the absorption of a certain dose of medicinal substances through the skin.

Patch prescription: Transdermal therapeutic system prescription:

Rp.: Emplastri adgesivi bactericide 10 x 6 sm Rp.: Emplastri Nitroderm TTS N. 10

D.S. Fix the edges of the bandage on the wound. D.S. Stick 1 patch on the skin of the forearm

1 time per day

Candles- dosage form for rectal or vaginal use. The shaping mass is cocoa butter, which is hard at room temperature, but melts at body temperature, facilitating the absorption of medicinal substances. Some candles are known by a special proprietary name. There are several ways to write out candles.

Rp.: Supp. cum Euphyllino 0.3 N. 10 Rp.: Supp. "Bethiolum" N. 10

D.S. 1 suppository in the rectum D.S. 1 suppository in the rectum 3 times a day.

Ointments, creams and pastes have a viscous, soft texture, which contributes to a long-term local effect on the skin and wound surfaces. Ointments are obtained, as a rule, in a factory way. Mixing medicinal substances with ointment fillers. As a basis for ointments, petroleum jelly is more often used, creams - lanolin and derivatives of higher fatty acids or cellulose, pastes - petroleum jelly with a content of 25% powdered substances. Ointments and pastes are retained at the site of application for a longer time, which contributes to the development of a complex pharmacological effect. Creams refer to semi-liquid forms, less viscous than ointments. Creams contain medicines, oils, fats, and other substances. They are more often used after pastes in case of complete disappearance of weeping and in violation of keratinization.

Currently, most ointments, pastes and creams are produced by the industry in finished form. As a rule, they are non-dose dosage forms and are prescribed in total. It is assumed that the effect of these soft dosage forms is determined by the dissolution of the surface lipids of the skin, the destruction of the stratum corneum of the skin, local hyperemia and the specific action of medicinal substances. Ointments and creams provide better absorption of medicinal substances if petroleum jelly is not used as a base. There are several types of prescriptions for these dosage forms.

Ointment prescription: Paste prescription: Cream prescription:

Rp.: Unguenti Neomycini sulfatis 1% - 20.0 Rp.: Pastae Zinci salicylatae 25.0 Rp.: Triamcinoloni 0.04

D.S. Lubricate the lesions 2 times a day D.S. Lubricate the lesions 2 times a day with Zinci oxydi 3.0

Aq. destill. 7.0

Olei Helianthi aa 10.0

D.S. Lubricate the foci 2 times a day

Soft dosage forms include liniments, hydrogels and emulsions.

Liniments- in addition to medicinal substances, they contain vegetable oils, therefore they are a gelatinous mass or a thick liquid. They are used for local effects on the skin. . Hydrogels- colloidal dosage form, jelly-like consistency. Their distinctive feature is the absence of fats. They are prepared from hydrophilic substances that swell in water to form colloidal systems. These gelatinous bases usually contain 2-3% gelatin, 10-30% glycerin and 70-89% water. They are quickly absorbed and dry on the skin. Hydrogels with a higher gelatin content have a film-like consistency and are used as a skin protectant. Recently, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxypolymethylene and polyacrylate have been used for their preparation. Various medicinal substances are added to gay. Hydrogels do not contain fats, but the medicinal substances introduced into their composition quickly penetrate the skin. Hydrogels mainly cool the skin, reduce inflammation and itching, and promote the rapid transport of medicinal substances into the depths of the skin. Since the gels do not contain fat, they do not contribute to the formation of crusts on the skin. Hydrogels are used in acute inflammatory processes, erythematous and urticarial rashes that occur with insect bites, solar dermatitis, etc.

A special form for introducing drugs into periodontal pockets is a gelatin matrix (chip) "PerioChip" (Perio Chip, USA). Periochip is a biologically active microchip, which consists of 2.5 mg of CG bigluconate, gelatin, glycerin and purified water. A film weighing 7.4 mg is introduced into the periodontal pocket (PC) in the direction of the bottom (up to 8 mm). The greater the PC depth, the higher the periochip efficiency. Regardless of the size of the PC, it is recommended to insert no more than one chip. The action takes place in two stages. Initially, during the first 24 hours approximately 40% of HCG is released, and then the remaining amount is evenly distributed over 7-10 days. Periochip kills up to 90% of all PC microbes. Moreover, in the microbial ecosystem of the oral cavity, there is no excessive growth of hostile microorganisms. The chip is installed every 3 months. The course of treatment can be 9 months.

Russian manufacturers produce biopolymer film with CG ( Diplen-Dent X), in the amount of 0.01–0.03 mg of substance per square centimeter of film. The recommended course of treatment with Diplen-Dent X is 2 weeks. The greatest effect from the use of the film "Diplen-Dent X" is achieved with catarrhal gingivitis and mild to moderate periodontitis.

The latest developments are dosage forms that immobilize antibiotics on various biopolymer matrices, which provide a long-term and relatively uniform release of the antibiotic into the environment, creating its high local concentration without a significant increase in the level of the antibiotic in the systemic circulation. In addition, the advantages of such systems are: minimal side effects, no restrictions on taking other drugs.

emulsions- a dosage form in which water / oil systems are created. As a result of the dispersion of water in a fatty medium, liquid creams are formed that have a local vasoconstrictive, cooling, anti-inflammatory and drying effect. They are used in acute inflammatory processes in the skin.

Liniment formula: Emulsion formula:

Rp.: Linimenti Sintomycini 1% - 20 ml Rp.: Triamcinoloni 0.04

D.S. Rub the joint area 2 times a day Ol. Persicorum 15ml

Aq. destill. 7ml

D.S. Lubricate the foci 2 times a day

Solid dosage forms

• Fees [show]

  Fees- mixtures of dry medicinal plant materials, sometimes with an admixture of salts, essential oils, etc.

  Doses the collection for the preparation of infusions, decoctions, lotions, baths, etc., usually the patient himself. Doses are usually measured in tablespoons.

  Fees are:

  • ordinary (a mixture of raw materials packed in standard boxes);
  • pressed (tablets and briquettes);
  • instant teas (finely ground, in filter bags).

  Collections are stored in a dry place at a temperature of 15 to 25 ° C. Shelf life - on average, 1.5-3 years.

• Powders [show]

  Powders- a dosage form with the property of flowability.

  Powders are:

  • simple, consisting of one substance;
  • complex, consisting of two or more ingredients.

  And also - divided and not divided into separate doses.

  Powders are intended for both internal and external use. Powders for internal use are washed down with water (or other liquid, such as milk) when consumed. These powders are produced divided or not divided into doses.

  Powders for external use (for example, powders) are usually not divided into doses.

  Powders are stored in their original packaging during the indicated expiration date; in a dry and, if necessary, cool place, protected from light.

• Granules [show]

  Granules- dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of active and excipients.

  The granules are intended for oral administration. Some granules are dissolved in water before use.

  Store the granules in a dry and, if necessary, cool place, protected from light.

• Tablets [show]

  Tablets- a dosage form obtained by pressing the active substances (or their mixtures with auxiliary ones): round, oval, square, triangular with rounded edges, flat-cylindrical plates with a divider mark or a biconvex surface that facilitates swallowing.

  According to the methods of application, tablets are distinguished:

  • for oral (inside through the mouth) use (including effervescent - for the preparation of a solution);
  • for external use (for preparing a solution for rinsing, washing, lotions);
  • sublingual (under the tongue) and buccal (behind the cheek);
  • vaginal (in the vagina);
  • for subcutaneous implantation (sterile tablets are sutured subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall or subscapular region to a depth of 3-4 cm)

  Tablets should be stored in their original packaging, protecting from environmental influences and ensuring the stability of the drug during the specified shelf life; in a dry and, if necessary, cool place, protected from light.

  Many tablets are forbidden to be chewed, because there is a certain sequence of absorption of active substances in the human stomach and intestines. In addition, some medicines taste bitter and/or irritate the mouth. Such tablets are usually coated.

• Dragee [show]

  Dragee- a dosage form for internal use, which is obtained by layering active and excipients on sugar grains.

  In addition to the usual dragees, there are:

  • prolonged (prolonged) action;
  • micropellets, or microgranules (size from 1 to 3 mm)

  Unlike tablets, the release process of active ingredients is longer, but the layering technology makes it possible to isolate substances that should not come into contact in one dragee. Therefore, in the form of dragees, in particular, many multivitamin preparations are produced (Undevit, Duovit, Revit, Gendevit, Biovital, Benfogamma 150, etc.).

  Dragees are taken orally, without chewing or crushing. They are either absorbed or swallowed (according to the manufacturer's instructions).

  The storage conditions for dragees are the same as for tablets.

• pills [show]

  pills- a spherical dosage form made of plastic for internal use, which, along with active substances, includes excipients (as the basis of pills).

  The weight of the pills is from 0.1 to 0.5 g, and their diameter is from 4 to 8 mm. Pill manufacturing technology allows you to combine a wide variety of active ingredients that are not compatible in other forms. Recently, dietary supplements are often released in the form of pills (for example, Huato Boluses, Ideal, and many others).

  This dosage form allows you to hide the unpleasant taste and smell of the active ingredients, and the spherical shape of the pills and the surface that is damp in the mouth facilitate swallowing.

  Pills are stored in a dry, cool place.

• Capsules [show]

  Capsules- a dosage form consisting of a mixture of active and excipients, placed in a shell that dissolves in the human body. Capsules are intended for oral administration, as well as for rectal (into the rectum) and vaginal routes of administration.

  Capsules can be of various sizes, with a capacity of up to 1.5 ml.

  Capsules usually contain active substances that have an unpleasant taste and (or) irritate the oral mucosa. Therefore, capsules intended for oral administration should be swallowed without biting. It is also not allowed to open the capsules and take only the powder contained in them.

  Capsules are stored in their original primary packaging (aluminum foil blisters, glass vials, etc.), which ensures the stability of the active substance during the specified shelf life, and, if necessary, in a cool place.

• Medula and spansules [show]

  Medula- these are gelatin capsules, inside of which there are microgranules coated with a fat-soluble shell (in spansul- polymer shell).

  In the form of medulla and spansul, long-acting drugs are usually produced, for example, the anti-influenza drug Coldakt.

  Store medulas and spansules in the same conditions as capsules.

Soft dosage forms

• Ointments [show]

  Ointments most often used externally - to affect the skin and mucous membranes (eye, vaginal, urethral, ​​rectal). Ointments consist of a hydrophobic (greasy water-repellent) or hydrophilic (water) base and active ingredients evenly distributed in the base. Sometimes the composition of the ointment includes active substances that are easily absorbed through the skin into the blood or lymph (for example, ointments containing nitroglycerin as an active substance).

  Some ointments are used as a means of protection against the harmful effects of acids or alkalis on the skin.

  Depending on the consistency, ointments themselves are distinguished, as well as gels, jellies, creams, liniments and pastes.

  All ointments (gels, jellies, creams, liniments, pastes) are stored in their original packaging, which ensures the stability of the active substance during the specified shelf life, in a cool, dark place, unless otherwise indicated in the instructions for the drug.

• Gels [show]

  Gels- transparent ointments on a hydrophilic basis (derivatives of cellulose, gelatin, polymers of acrylic acid and other substances) with active ingredients distributed in it.

  Gels are:

  • for external use;
  • eye;
  • nasal (for the nose);
  • dental;
  • for internal use;
  • rectal;
  • vaginal

  Unlike ointments, gels are better absorbed, do not stain clothes and, most importantly, as a rule, release active ingredients more easily. Currently, more and more soft dosage forms are produced in the form of gels (for example, alpizarin gel for the treatment of herpes, benzyl benzoate gel for the treatment of scabies, gel with chloramphenicol and methyluracil for wound healing, etc.).

• Jelly [show]

  Jelly- transparent ointments on a hydrophilic basis for external use.

  Jelly has a more viscous consistency than gel and is applied to the skin in a thicker layer.

• Creams [show]

  Creams- emulsion ointments, which include a hydrophobic base, water and an emulsifier (a substance that promotes the penetration of active substances through the cell membrane).

  Creams are less viscous in their consistency than ointments, they are more often used in medical cosmetics (antifungal creams Clotrimazole, Lamisil and Terbifin, Zovirax anti-herpes cream, etc.).

• Liniments [show]

  Liniments- ointments, which are a thick liquid or gelatinous mass, applied externally by rubbing into the skin (from Latin linire - "rub"), for example, streptocide liniment for the treatment of skin diseases, Vishnevsky liniment (anti-inflammatory), lidocaine liniment (used for pain relief in dentistry and pediatrics), etc.

  The most common liniments, which are based on fats: vegetable oils (sunflower, linseed, etc.), lanolin, sometimes lard, etc.

• Pastes [show]

  Pastes- the most viscous of all ointments. The content of solids in them exceeds 20%.

  In this form, most toothpastes are produced, as well as, for example, Lassar paste, consisting of zinc oxide, etc.

• plasters [show]

  plasters- a dosage form for external use, which has a therapeutic effect on the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and in some cases - on the entire body. In recent years, transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) have been created that have the ability not only to adhere to the skin, but also to carry drugs through the skin barrier (most often cardiovascular, lowering blood pressure, painkillers, sleeping pills).

  Examples of TTS: Nitrodur-TTS (with nitroglycerin), Katopress-TTS, Scopoderm-TTS, etc. The advantage of TTS is that the entire dose of the active substance is outside the human body, and the patient himself can regulate it by removing a strip of patch from the skin or reducing its area.

  The patches are produced in the form of a plastic mass (corn plaster), on a special substrate (adhesive plaster, pepper patch) and without it, as well as in the form of a pad with active ingredients fixed on an adhesive tape (pepper patch with an extract of capsicum, arnica and belladonna).

  Plasters without active ingredients in the form of adhesive tape (adhesive plasters) are used to fix dressings and for other purposes.

  Store patches in a dry, dark place, unless otherwise indicated in the instructions.

• suppositories [show]

  suppositories- dosage forms that melt or dissolve at body temperature.

  There are suppositories:

  • rectal (for insertion into the rectum);
  • vaginal (for insertion into the vagina);
  • urethral (for insertion into the urethra);
  • sticks (for insertion into the vagina and urethra)

  The rectal suppository (maximum diameter 1.5 cm) may be conical or otherwise shaped.

  The mass of one suppository for adults is 1-4 g. If the mass is not indicated, then it is 3 g. The mass of a suppository for children is 0.5-1.5 g.

  Vaginal suppositories can be spherical (balls), ovoid (ovules) or flat with a rounded end (pessaries). Their mass is 1.5-6 g. If the mass of the vaginal suppository is not indicated, then it is not less than 4 g.

  Sticks (candles) - have the shape of a cylinder with a pointed end and a diameter of not more than 1 cm. The mass of the stick is 0.5-1 g.

  Suppositories packed in paraffin paper, cellophane, foil or plastic cases are stored in a dry, cool place.

Liquid dosage forms

• Solutions [show]

  Solutions for injections- transparent sterile liquids, the introduction of which into the body is associated with a violation of the skin.

  Solutions are available in ampoules, vials (glass and polyethylene) and syringe tubes.

  Solutions with a volume of more than 100 ml are called infusion. Infusion solutions include solutions that are administered intravenously using a dropper (hemodynamic, water-salt balance regulators, detoxification, oxygen transfer solutions, etc.), as well as preparations for parenteral nutrition and multifunctional solutions with a wide range of action.

  Examples of infusion solutions:

  • saline: Ringer - Locke, Kvartosol;
  • detoxification: Hemodez, Reopoliglyukin, Poliglukin, Neo-gemodez, etc.;
  • for parenteral nutrition: Lipofundin, Venolipid, Intralipid, Liposin

  Solutions for internal and external use

  • Transparent, homogeneous (homogeneous) systems.
  • Release form - bottles with a stopper-dropper closed with a screw cap

  Solution storage

  Solutions are stored at room temperature (15-25 °C) or in a refrigerator (4-8 °C), protected from light. More specific instructions for storing solutions are given in the instructions for the drug.

• potions [show]

  potions- liquid or powder (dry mixture), soluble in water.

  Liquid mixtures consist of solutions of salts, syrups (sugar), as well as extracts and aromatic waters. Such mixtures are prepared in a pharmacy according to an individual prescription.

  Dry mixtures at home are diluted with water to the desired volume. For example, dry cough medicine.

  Dry mixtures should be stored in a dry place (at room temperature) or in a refrigerator (at 4-8 °C). Liquid medicines are stored in the refrigerator for no more than a few days. The method of storage and use of such mixtures is always indicated on the vial.

• Infusions and decoctions [show]

  Infusions and decoctions- dosage forms, which are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials, as well as aqueous solutions of dry or liquid extracts (concentrates).

  Infusions and decoctions are mainly taken orally, less often they are used externally.

  In the absence of instructions on the amount of medicinal plant raw materials, infusions and decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:10 (10 g of the finished product should be obtained from 1 g of raw materials. Water should be taken a little more, taking into account the water absorption coefficient); from Adonis grass, valerian roots - 1:30. Infusions and decoctions from medicinal plant materials containing potent substances are prepared in a ratio of 1:400.

  When preparing an infusion or decoction using an extract (concentrate), the latter is taken in an amount corresponding to the volume of medicinal plant materials specified in the recipe.

  To prepare infusions and decoctions, the crushed medicinal plant material is poured with boiled water at room temperature, infused in an appropriate container in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring: infusions - for 15 minutes, decoctions - for 30 minutes; then cooled at room temperature: infusions - at least 45 minutes, decoctions - 10 minutes, filtered (squeezing out plant material) and water is added to the required volume of infusion or decoction.

  Decoctions from bearberry leaves, lingonberries and raw materials containing tannins (oak bark, serpentine rhizome, etc.) are filtered immediately, without cooling, decoctions from senna leaves - after complete cooling.

  Store infusions for the specified period (usually several days), in a cool place. Before use, infusions and decoctions are shaken.

• Tinctures [show]

  Tinctures- colored liquid alcohol or water-alcohol extracts from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating.

  Basically, tinctures are taken orally, diluting them in a small amount of water or dripping on sugar.

  Store tinctures in well-corked bottles for the specified shelf life (longer than the shelf life of infusions and decoctions), in a cool, dark place. During storage, precipitation may occur.

• Drops [show]

  Drops- dosage forms (suspensions, emulsions, solutions) dosed in drops.

  Drops are for external (eye, ear, nasal) and internal (for example, drops of nitroglycerin) use. Drops are dosed using a dropper dispenser installed in the vial.

  Drops are stored in a cool, dark place.

• Suspensions (suspensions) [show]

  Suspensions (suspensions)- a dosage form consisting of one or more powdered substances distributed in a liquid (water, vegetable oil, glycerin, etc.).

  Suspensions are for internal, external and parenteral use. The latter are administered intramuscularly (for example, insulin preparations).

  Before use, the suspension is shaken for 1-2 minutes.

  Suspensions are stored in the original packaging with a dosing device at a temperature of 4 to 8 ° C (freezing is not allowed!), if necessary, in a place protected from light.

• extracts [show]

  extracts- concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials.

  Extracts are:

  • liquid;
  • thick (viscous masses with a moisture content of not more than 25%);
  • dry (loose masses with a moisture content of not more than 5%)

  Extracts are used orally, liquid extracts are dosed by volume, dry ones, as a rule, are part of solid dosage forms.

  Store the extracts in their original packaging, if necessary, in a cool, dark place. Precipitation may occur during storage of liquid extracts. On average, extracts are stored for 1-5 years.

• emulsions [show]

  emulsions- opaque liquids, homogeneous in appearance, consisting of two mutually insoluble liquids - the active substance (oil, balm) and water.

  Emulsions are intended for internal, external or parenteral use.

  The shelf life of emulsions prepared in a pharmacy is usually a few days. They must be shaken before use. Store emulsions in a cool place without freezing. The shelf life of industrial emulsions is at least 1.5 years.

• syrups [show]

  syrups- concentrated aqueous solutions of sucrose, which, in addition to active ingredients, may contain fruit food extracts.

  Syrups are thick, clear liquids with a characteristic taste and smell (depending on the composition).

  Syrups are taken orally, they are especially widely used in pediatrics to correct the taste of the drug. Syrups have a more pronounced therapeutic effect compared to solid dosage forms.

  Syrups are stored in a well-closed glass container, in a cool and, if necessary, protected from light place. The shelf life of industrial syrups is at least 2 years.

• Baths [show]

  Baths- aqueous solutions that affect the human body during medical procedures (often auxiliary). Baths have a restorative, soothing, tonic, bactericidal effect. For example, coniferous or oxygen baths, etc.

Gaseous dosage forms

• Gases and vapors [show]

  Gases and vapors- a dosage form in which a gas (air, oxygen, water vapor) is used as a medium.

  Gases and vapors enter the human body through the lungs and are absorbed into the blood. In terms of the rate of development of the therapeutic effect, gases are comparable to injections.

  Gases and vapors are used in balneological clinics under medical supervision (for example, for the treatment of asthmatic bronchitis) or at home for inhalation in case of respiratory diseases (for example, vapors of essential oils).

• Aerosols [show]

  Aerosols- a dosage form in which active and excipients are evenly distributed in a gaseous medium.

  Aerosols are intended for inhalation in case of respiratory diseases, allergic diseases, as well as locally for spraying on skin or mucous membranes (for diseases of the skin, oral cavity, gynecological diseases).

  Aerosols are stored in a cool, dark place, away from fire.

• Sprays [show]

  Sprays- a dosage form in which the active substance is sprayed with air enclosed in an elastic container (drops in the nose for nose, etc.).

Medicine A substance used to treat or prevent a disease.

medicinal substance is a single substance or a mixture of substances of natural or synthetic origin.

medicinal product- This is a drug in a ready-to-use form.

Dosage form- This is a medicinal substance in the most convenient form for taking by patients.

All medicines are divided into three groups:

1) list A ( Venena- poisons);

2) list B ( heroica- potent);

3) medicines dispensed without a doctor's prescription.

Recipe- this is an appeal from a doctor to a pharmacist about dispensing medicines to a patient, indicating the dosage form, dose and method of administration. It is a medical, legal and monetary document in the case of free or preferential dispensing of medicines.

Prescription and dispensing of medicines on them is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the order of the Ministry of Health of August 23, 1999 No. 328 “On the rational prescription of medicines, the rules for writing prescriptions for them and the procedure for their dispensing by pharmacies (organizations) and the order of the Ministry of Health of Russia of November 12, 1997 No. 330".

Dose expressed in mass or volume units of the decimal system and denoted by Arabic numerals. The number of whole grams is separated by a comma (1.0). More commonly used: 0.1 - one decigram; 0.01 - one centigram; 1.001 is one milligram. The drops that make up the medicine are indicated by a Roman numeral, before which it is written GTTS. Biological units of action in the recipe thus indicate 500,000 IU.

Liquid substances in recipes are indicated in ml (0.1 ml). The recipe is certified by a signature and a personal seal. The prescription must indicate: the age of the patient, the date of issue of the prescription, the patient's surname and initials; surname and initials of the doctor, the procedure for paying for the medicine. Moreover, preferential prescriptions are issued on special forms with a stamp and seal.

On special forms of a different sample, drugs from the list of narcotic substances, hypnotics, anorexigenic drugs are also prescribed.

Moreover, the prescription is written by the doctor himself, puts his signature and certifies with a personal seal. In addition, it is signed by the chief physician or his deputy, the prescription has a round seal and a stamp of the medical institution.

The same order of prescribing is defined for anabolic drugs, as well as phenobarbital, cyclodol, ephedrine hydrochloride, clonidine (eye drops, ampoules), sunoref ointment. Antipsychotics, tranquilizers, antidepressants, preparations containing ethyl alcohol, etc. are prescribed on other forms of prescription forms.

It is forbidden to prescribe ether for anesthesia, chloroethyl, fentanyl, sombrevin, ketamine to outpatients. The recipe starts with recipe(Rp. - abbreviated), which means "take", then the names and quantities of prescribed medicinal substances are listed in the genitive case. First called the main, then auxiliary.

For dosed ones they write: “ Da tales doses numero 10" - "Give out such doses in the number of 10." At the end of the recipe after the word Signa(S) - “designate” in Russian (or national) language indicate the way the medicine is used.

A prescription for narcotic and poisonous drugs is valid for 5 days; for ethyl alcohol - 10 days; for all others - up to 2 months from the date of discharge.

Dosages of drugs are written taking into account age characteristics. Higher doses for adults over 25 years of age. Over 60 years old - 1/2 of adult age. Up to a year - 1/24 - 1/12 - doses for an adult.

Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. Tablets(tabulette, tab.) is obtained by pressing a mixture of medicinal and excipient. Distinguish between simple and complex composition.

1. Rp.: Tab. Analgini 0,5 № 10

D.S.. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

2. Rp.: Amidopyrini

Butadioni aa 0.125

№ 20 tab.

S. 1 tablet 3 times a day (after meals).

Dragee(Dragee) is made by layering medicinal and excipients on granules.

Rp.: Nitroxolini 0,05

D.t. d. № 50 in dragee

S. 2 tablets 4 times a day with meals.

Powders(Pulveres, Pulv.) are intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution) use. There are undosed, simple and complex powders, including powders, and dosed, simple and complex powders.

The mass of the dosed powder should be 0.1–1.0. At a dose of less than 0.1, indifferent substances are added to the composition, most often sugar ( Saccharum).

Volatile, hygroscopic dosed powders are released in special paper (waxed, waxed or parchment) and the recipe indicates: D. t. d. No. 20 in charta(paraffinata, pergaminata).

1. Rp.: Streptocidi 10,0

D.S.. For dressing wounds.

2. Rp.: Pul. foliorum digitalis 0,05

D.t. d. № 30

S. 1 powder 2 times a day.

Capsules(capsules) - gelatin shells, which include dosed powder, granular, pasty, semi-liquid and liquid medicinal substances.

Rp.: Olei Ricini 1,0

D.t. d. № 30 in capsule gelatinosis

S. 1 capsule per dose.

Granules(granulae) is a solid dosage form in the form of particles with a size of 0.2-0.3 mm, intended for oral administration.

The composition of the granules includes both medicinal and excipients.

Rp.: Granulum urodani 100,0

S. 1 tsp. 4 times a day (before meals, in 0.5 cups of water).

In addition, there are films and records(Membranulae and Lamellae) - special solid dosage forms that contain medicinal substances on a polymer basis; glossets(Glossetes) - small tablets intended for sublingual or buccal use; caramel(Caramela) are prepared in the form of sweets containing sugar and molasses.

Used to treat oral diseases poultices(cataplasmata) - semi-solid drugs that have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects.

Soluble tablets(Solvellenae) is dissolved in water. The solution is applied externally (for example, furacilin tablets).

These include solutions, herbal and novogalenic preparations, dispersed systems, etc.

Solutions(Solutions, Sol.) is obtained by dissolving drugs in a solvent.

They can be written in expanded, abbreviated or semi-abbreviated way.

Concentration in an abbreviated form is expressed as a percentage or as a ratio of mass and volume. Distinguish between aqueous and alcoholic solutions.

1. Rp.: Sodium bromide 3% - 200 ml

D.S.. 10 drops 2 times a day with meals.

2. Rp.: Sol. Ergocalciferoli spirituosae 0.5% - 10 ml

D.S.. 1 st. l. 3 times a day.

Herbal preparations- these are extracts from plant materials obtained by heating or dissolving the corresponding extracts. Water or alcohol is used as a solvent.

infusions(Infusa, Inf.) and decoctions(Decocta, Dec.) are aqueous extracts from dry parts of medicinal plants.

Rp.: inf. herbae Leonuri 15.0: 200 ml

D.S. 1 st. l. 1-4 times a day.

Tinctures(Tincturae, T-rae) and extracts(Extracta, Extr.) - alcohol (alcohol-water or alcohol-ether) extracts from medicinal raw materials without heating.

Rp.: T-rae Leonuri 3% - 200 ml

T-rae Valerianae 10ml

M.D.S. 1 st. l. 3 times a day.

Extracts ( Extractum, Extr.) . There are liquid, thick and dry extracts.

Rep.: Extr. Eleutherococci fluidi 50ml

D.S. 40 drops 2 times a day (30 minutes before meals).

Novogalenic preparations obtained as a result of special testing with a high degree of purification of drugs ( Adonisidum).

Disperse systems there are systems where the dispersion medium is a liquid (water, oil, gas, etc.), and the dispersed phase is insoluble small particles. These are suspensions, aerosols, medicines.

Liquid dosage forms also include applications, balms, collodions, creams, soft drinks, syrups. Applications(Applications) - liquid or ointment-like preparations used for application to the skin for therapeutic purposes.

Balms(Balsama) - liquids obtained from plants and having an aromatic odor, antiseptic and deodorizing properties.

Rp.: Balsami contra tussim 30ml

D.S. 10 drops 3 times a day.

collodions(Collodia) - solutions of nitrocellulose in alcohol with ether (1: 6), containing medicinal substances. Applied externally.

Creams (Cremores) - semi-liquid preparations containing drugs, oils, fats and other substances, but less viscous than ointments.

Lemonade(Limonata) - sweet-tasting liquids or acidified for oral administration. syrups(Sirupi) are thick, clear, sweet liquids for oral administration.

Dosage forms for injection include sterile aqueous and oily solutions. Distinguish between simple and complex composition.

Rp.: Sol. Glucosi 5% - 500 ml;

Rp.: Sol. Camphorae oleosae 20% - 2 ml

Steril! D.t. d.№ 10 in amp.

D.S. drip

Solutions in ampoules, having a code name, but different from the dissolved drug.

Rp.: Cordiamini 2 ml

D.t. d.№ 10 in amp.

S. Under the skin - 2 ml 2 times a day.

To soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, suppositories, patches. Fats and fat-like substances obtained from oil, synthetic polymers are used as forming bases.

The bases of animal origin are pork fat, lanolin, spermaceti, yellow wax, vegetable oils, and substances from petroleum are vaseline, vaseline oil, refined oil (Naftalan) and products from synthetic substances (polyethylene glycols or polyethylene oxide).

Ointments(Unguenta, Ung.) - a soft dosage form of a viscous consistency, used for external use and containing less than 25% of dry (powder) substances.

There are simple and complex in composition, in addition, they are divided into official simple in composition and official branded ones.

Rp.: Ung. Tetracyclini hydrochloridi 1 % – 3,0

D.S. Lay behind the eyelid 4 times a day.

Rp.: Methyluracili 2,5

Furacilini 0,1

Vasellini

Lanolini aa 25.0

M.f. ung.

D.S. Apply to the wound.

Pastes(Pastae, past.) contain at least 25% solids.

Rp.: Pastae Lassari 30,0

D.S. Apply to affected areas.

Liniments(Linimtnta, Lin.) - liquid ointments in which the dissolved substances are evenly distributed in a liquid ointment base. It is shaken before use. Candles(suppositories, Suppository, Supp.) - the dosage form is solid at room temperature, but melts at body temperature. According to the method of manufacture, they are pharmacy and factory; according to the method of application - rectal and vaginal. plasters(Emplastra) - a dosage form in the form of a plastic mass, which softens at body temperature and sticks to the skin.

Liquid dosage forms include solutions, mucus, emulsions, suspensions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, liquid extracts, potions, aerosols.

Solutions – Solutions.

Them. P. units. h. - Solution.

Genus. P. units. h. – Solutionis.

Solution- is a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a drug substance in a liquid. As a solvent, distilled water (Aqua de stillata), ethyl alcohol 70%, 90%, 95% (Spiritus ae thylicus), glycerin (Glycerinum) and liquid oils are used: vaseline (Oleum Vaselini), olive (Oleum Olivarum), peach (Oleum Persicorum). True solutions are always transparent.

Solutions are intended for external, internal use and for injection. Solutions for external use include eye and ear drops, nose drops, as well as solutions for lotions, washes, douches, etc. Drops are prescribed in an amount of 5-10 ml, solutions for other purposes - in an amount of 50-100 ml.

Write out solutions in abbreviated and expanded forms.

Using abbreviated form prescriptions after Rp .: indicate the name of the dosage form, then the name of the medicinal substance, the concentration of the solution and its amount in milliliters. Concentration is indicated most often in percentages, less often in ratios (for example, 1:1000; 1:5000).

An abbreviated form of prescribing solutions is used in cases where the choice of solvent is determined by factory technology or is provided to a pharmacy worker. If the solution is aqueous, then the type of solvent in the abbreviated prescription is not indicated. If the solution is oily or alcohol, then after the name of the medicinal substance, the designations follow - oleosae (oil) or spirituosae (alcohol). Official solutions are also prescribed in an abbreviated form, usually without indicating the concentration, indicating only the name of the drug and its amount.

Recipe examples:

Write out 500 ml of a 0.02% solution of diocide (Diocidum). For hand treatment.

Rp.: Solutionis Diocidi 0.02% - 500 ml

D.S. For hand treatment.

Write out 10 ml of a 1% oil solution of menthol (Mentholum). Assign 5 drops in each nasal passage.

Rp.: Solutionis Mentholi oleosae 1% - 10 ml

D. S . 5 drops in each nasal passage.

Write out 10 ml of a 1% alcohol solution of boric acid (Acidum boricum). Assign 3-5 drops in each ear 2 times a day.

R.p.: Solutionis Acidi borici spirituosae 1% - 10ml

D.S. 3-5 drops in each ear.

An expanded form of prescription is used in cases where the solution must be prepared using a certain liquid oil or alcohol of a certain concentration.

Recipe example:

Write out 50 ml of a 1% solution of methylene blue (M ethyleni coerulei) in 70% ethanol. Assign to lubricate the affected areas of the skin.

Rp.: Methyleni coerulei 0.5

Spiritus a e thylici 70% ad 50 ml

M.D.S. To lubricate the affected areas of the skin.

When prescribing solutions for oral administration, a single dose of the medicinal substance should be contained in the volume of the solution intended for one dose. In this case, the following conditional values ​​are used:

1 tablespoon - 15 ml solution

1 dessert spoon - 10 ml

1 teaspoon - 5 ml

1 ml aqueous solution - 20 drops

1 ml alcohol solution - 50 drops

Recipe examples:

Write out 150 ml of a solution of potassium chloride (Kalii chloridum) so that the patient receives 0.75 g of the drug. Assign 1 tbsp. 3 times a day.

Rp.: Solutionis Kalii chloridi 5% - 150 ml.

D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Calculation of the concentration of the solution in percent:

1 tbsp (15 ml) contains 0.75 g of the medicinal substance, and in 100 ml - x.

(15 ml - 0.75)

Solution concentration = 5%.

Suspensions - Suspensions

Them. P. units. h. – Suspensio,

Genus. P. units. h. - Suspensions.

Suspension(suspension) - a liquid dosage form in which solid insoluble medicinal substances are suspended in a liquid. There are suspensions for external, internal and parenteral use.

Suspensions are prescribed in two forms: abbreviated and expanded. Short form possible when the dispersion medium is water.

Recipe example:

Write out 10 ml of an aqueous suspension containing 0.5% hydrocortisone acetate (Hydrocortisoni acetas). Assign in each eye 2 drops 4 times a day. Shake before use.

R.p.: Suspensionis Hydrocortisoni acetatis 0.5% - 10 ml

D.S. 2 drops in the eye 4 times a day. Shake before use.

Main suspensions, which are prepared on various formative substances (glycerin, vaseline oil, etc.) are written out only in expanded form.

Recipe example:

Write out 50 ml of a sterile suspension in vaseline oil containing 0.5% trichomonacid (Trichomonac idum). Assign 10 ml for injection into the bladder. Shake before use.

Rp.: Trichomonacidi 0.25

Olei Vaselini ad 50 ml

M.f. suspension

sterilization!

D.S. For injection into the bladder. Shake before use.

Infusions and decoctions - Infusa et Decocta.

Infusion - Im.p. unit - Infusum.

Rod.p. unit - Infusion

Decoction - Im.p. unit - Decoctum.

Rod.p. unit - Decocti.

Infusions and decoctions- These are liquid dosage forms, which are obtained by extracting biologically active substances from plant materials.

Infusions are prepared from tender parts of plants: flowers (flos-flori s), leaves (folium-folii), herbs (herba-herbae). The raw materials for the preparation of decoctions are the coarse parts of plants: root (radix-radicis), rhizome (rh izoma-rhizomatis), bark (cortex-corticis).

Dose infusions and decoctions for oral administration with spoons (table, dessert, tea). In addition, they are used for rinsing, lotions, douching, etc.

These dosage forms are unstable, so they are prescribed for 3-4 days with a total amount of not more than 200 ml. Infusions and decoctions are prescribed only in an abbreviated way, indicating the amount of medicinal raw materials in grams and the total amount in milliliters. Accepted concentrations of a number of infusions and decoctions are indicated in ratios (for example: 1:10, 1:30, etc.). In these cases, conversion to a mass-volume value is necessary.

Recipe examples:

Write out 200 ml of a decoction of 5.0 g of the leaves of the mother and stepmother (Folium Farfarae). Assign 1 tbsp. in 2-3 hours.

Rp.: Decocti foliorum Farfarae 5.0 - 200 ml

D.S. 1 tablespoon every 2-3 hours.

Write out 200 ml of decoction of oak bark (cortex Quercus) at a dilution of 1:10. For rinsing.

Rp.: Decocti corticis Quercus 20.0 - 200 ml

D.S. For rinsing.

Write out 150 ml of infusion from the leaves of the large plantain (folium Plantaginis majoris) at a concentration of 1:20. Assign 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.

Rp .: Infusi foli o rum Plantaginis majoris 7.5 - 150 ml

D.S. 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.

Tinctures - tincturae.

Tincture - Im.p. unit - Tincture.

Rod.p. unit - Tincturae.

Tincture- this is a liquid dosage form, which is obtained by insisting plant materials on ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether or an alcohol-ether mixture. All tinctures are official, therefore, when they are written out in recipes, only an abbreviated form of prescription is used indicating the dosage form, the name of the plant and the total amount of tincture. Most often, tinctures are used inside, less often they are used for rinsing, lotions, etc. Dose tinctures for oral administration in drops.

Recipe examples:

Write out 40 ml of tincture of calendula (Calendula). Assign 10 drops per reception 3 times a day.

Rp.: Tincturae Calendulae 40 ml

D.S. 10 drops 3 times a day.

Write out 15 ml of tincture of valerian (Valeriana) and tincture of lily of the valley (Convallaria) equally. Assign 20 drops 3 times a day.

Rp.: Tincturae Valerianae

Tincturae Convallariae 15 ml

M. D. S . Assign 20 drops 3 times a day.

emulsions – Emulsa.

Them. p. units hours -Emulsum.

Genus. p. units hours -Emulsi.

Emulsion- This is a liquid dosage form in which water-insoluble liquids are suspended in an aqueous medium.

There are oil emulsions (Emulsa oleosa) and seed (Emulsa seminalia). Most often, oil emulsions are used, which are prepared from liquid oils: castor (Oleum ricini), almond (Oleum Amygdalarum), codfish oil (Oleum jecoris aselli), etc.

Oil emulsions consist of oil, emulsifier and water. The emulsifier keeps the smallest oil particles suspended in the water. For emulsification, take 2 parts of oil, 1 part of emulsifier and 17 parts of water. As emulsifiers, gums or gelatose are used, which have a powder form (a product of incomplete hydrolysis of gelatin).

Write out emulsions in reduced and expanded forms. In the abbreviated formula, after the name "Emulsi", indicate the name of the oil, its amount and the total amount of the emulsion.

In the expanded prescription, all components are separately indicated: oil, emulsifier and water, indicating their quantity.

Recipe examples:

Write out 200 ml of emulsion from 20 ml of castor oil (Oleum Ricini). Assign for 1 reception.

Expanded form:

Rp.: Olei Ricini 20 ml

Gelatosae 10.0

Aquae d e stillatae ad 200 ml

M.f. emulsion

D.S. For 1 intake.

Abbreviated form:

Rp.: Emulsi olei Ricini 20 ml - 200 ml

D.S. For 1 reception.

Seed emulsions are rarely used. Unlike oil emulsions, emulsifiers are not added to seed emulsions, since the seeds from which they are made (flax, pumpkin, almonds) themselves have emulsifying properties.

extracts- Extracta

Them. P. units. h. - Extractum

Rod.p. unit h -Extracti

extracts are concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials. Depending on the consistency, extracts are liquid (fluidum), thick (spissum) and dry (sic cum). Ethyl alcohol is used as an extractant in the preparation of liquid extracts. When obtaining thick extracts - water, ethyl alcohol, ether. Dry extracts are prepared by drying thick extracts.

All extracts are official, therefore, when they are written out in the recipe, neither the nature of the plant material nor the concentration of the extracts is indicated. The name of the dosage form is followed by the name of the plant, an indication of the nature of the extract and its quantity. Liquid extracts are dosed in drops. Thick and dry extracts are prescribed in capsules, powders, tablets, suppositories, pills.

Recipe example.

Write out 20 ml of extract of buckthorn (Frangula) liquid. Assign 20 cap. 3 times a day.

Rp.: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 20 ml

D. S . 20 cap. at the reception 3 times a day.

Novogalenovy drugs.

Novogalenic preparations obtained as a result of special processing of herbal medicinal raw materials. They differ from galenical preparations (tinctures, extracts) by a high degree of purification from ballast substances and, in this regard, can be used both orally and parenterally. All such drugs are official, therefore, when they are prescribed, only their name and quantity are indicated in the prescription.

Recipe example:

Write out 20 ml of lantoside ( Lantozidum ). Assign 20 drops 2 times a day.

Rp.: Lantozidi 20 ml

D.S. 20 drops 2 times a day.

Potions - Mixturae.

potion- a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving or mixing several solids in a liquid base, or by mixing several liquids. Distilled water, glycerin, vegetable oils, etc. are used as a liquid base. The composition of the mixture may include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, mucus, syrups, etc.

Often medicines are prescribed in a semi-abbreviated prescription. In such cases, some of the ingredients (infusions, decoctions, emulsions, solutions) are written out in an abbreviated form, and the prescription begins with the indicated dosage forms. Then the remaining components are listed in the amount calculated for the number of doses, taking into account the single dose and the volume in which it is contained.

Recipe examples:

Write out a mixture for 12 doses containing sodium bromide (Natrii bromidum), a single dose of 0.3 g and caffeine-sodium benzoate (Coffeinum -natrii benzoas), a single dose of 0.1 g. Assign 1 tablespoon 3 times a day .

Rp.: Natrii bromidi 3.6

Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 1.2

Aquae d e stillatae ad 180 ml

M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Calculation:

For 1 reception -1 tbsp. l. - 15ml

For 12 doses - 180 ml

For 12 doses - sodium bromide 0.3x12 \u003d 3.6

-“-“-“-“-“-“-“-“ caffeine - 0.1x12= 1.2.

Write out a mixture for 10 doses, consisting of an infusion of spring adonis herb (herba Adonidis vernalis) at a concentration of 1:30 with the addition of sodium bromide (Natrii bromidum), a single dose of 0.2 g and codeine phosphate (Codeini phosphas), a single dose of 0 02 g. Assign 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Rp.: Infusi herbae Adonidis vernalis 5.0 - 150 ml

Sodium bromide 2.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Calculation:

For 1 reception - 1 tablespoon - 15 ml

For 10 receptions - 10 tbsp. spoons - 150 ml

At 10 -“-“-“-“- sodium bromide - 0.2x10 \u003d 2.0

For 10 -“-“-“-“- caffeine phosphate - 0.02x10 \u003d 0.2

If the mixture contains substances with an irritating effect, then to correct the taste, it includes from 20 to 50% mucus - solutions of macromolecular compounds, which are viscous liquids. The most commonly used are apricot gum mucus (Mucilago Gummi Armeniacae), gum arabic mucus (Mucilago Gummi arabici), marshmallow root mucus (Mucilago radicis Althaecae) ​​and starch mucus (Mucilago Amyli). All mucus is official and is written out with the name of the mucus and its amount in milliliters.

Recipe example:

Write out a mixture for 10 doses, consisting of 5.0 g of basic bismuth nitrate (Bismuthi subnitras), apricot gum mucus (Mucilago Gummi Armeniacae) and water equally. Assign 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Rp.: Bismuthi subnitratis 5.0

Mucilaginis Gummi Armeniacae

Aquae d e stillatae āā ad 150 ml

M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Liniments - Linimenta.

Im.p. unit -Linimentum.

Genus. P. units. h. - Linimenti.

Liniment (liquid ointment) is a dosage form for external use. Most liniments are homogeneous mixtures in the form of thick liquids (synthomycin liniment, balsamic liniment according to A.V. Vishnevsky, aloe liniment, etc.). Liniments can be in the form of gelatinous masses, melting at body temperature. Such liniments belong to soft dosage forms.

To obtain liniments, vegetable oils are used (sunflower oil - Oleum Helianthi; linseed oil - Oleum L ini; olive oil - O leum O livarum or vaseline oil - Oleum V aselini).

Liniments are written out in expanded and abbreviated forms.

Expanded form write out the main liniments. In this case, after indicating the ingredients of the liniment and their quantities, write M.f. linimentum (Mix, get liniment). Then indicate D.S. (Give out. Designate.) If the base is not indicated in the recipe, then the liniment is prepared in vaseline oil.

Recipe example:

Write out 100 ml of a liquid ointment containing 10% novocaine (Novocainum). Wet swabs and apply to the wound.

Rp.: Novocaini 10.0

Olei Vaselini ad 100 ml

M. f. linimentum

D.S. Wet swabs and apply to the wound.

In abbreviated form write out liniments, produced in finished form by industry. At the same time, the prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then the medicinal substance and its concentration in percentage are indicated (if several types of liniments with different content of the medicinal substance are produced) and the total amount of liniment.

Recipe examples:

Write out: 100 ml of the official liquid ointment of streptocid (Streptocidum). For treatment of the wound surface.

Rp.: Linimenti Streptocidi 100 ml

D.S. For wound treatment

Write out 100 ml of 5% official synthomycin liquid ointment (Synthomycinum). For wetting tampons.

Rp.: Linimenti Synthomycini 5% - 100 ml

D.S. For wetting tampons.

DOSAGE FORMS FOR INJECTIONS (PHARMACOLOGY)

As dosage forms for injection, aqueous and oily solutions, as well as suspensions, are used. They must meet a number of requirements: to be sterile, resistant, pyrogen-free, free from mechanical impurities. Dosage forms for injection are produced in the factory or manufactured in a pharmacy. In medical practice, dosage forms for injections of industrial production are mainly used: ampoules, vials, syringe-tubes. A number of medicinal substances are prescribed in dry form in ampoules or vials and a solution or suspension is prepared immediately before their use. As solvents, water for injection, solutions of sodium chloride, glucose, some vegetable oils, sometimes diluted ethyl alcohol (up to 33%) are used.

When writing an abbreviated prescription for solution or suspension in ampoules, first indicate the dosage form and the name of the medicinal substance in the genitive singular, the nature of the solution (if it is oily or alcohol), the percentage concentration and the number of milliliters in one ampoule. After that, indicate the number of ampoules.

At discharge dry matter for injection the name of the medicinal substance and its amount in one ampoule are indicated, then the number of ampoules. The order of dilution of the substance and the route of administration are indicated in the signature.

Recipe examples:

Write out 10 ampoules containing 1 ml of a 0.01% solution of cyanocobalamin (Cyancobalaminum). Assign 1 ml intramuscularly every other day.

Rp.: Solutionis Cyancobalamini 0.01% - 1 ml

D. t . d. N.10 in ampullis

S. 1 ml intramuscularly every other day.

Write out 10 ampoules containing 1 ml. 5% oil solution of tocopherol acetate (Tocopheroli acetas). Assign 1 ml intramuscularly 1 time per day.

R.p.: Solutionis Tocopheroli acetatis oleosae 5% - 1 ml

D.t.d. N.10 in ampullis

S. 1 ml IM once a day.

Write out 6 ampoules containing 10 ml of a 2.5% suspension of cortisone acetate (Cortisoni acetas). Assign 2 ml intramuscularly 1 time per day.

R.p.: Suspensionis Cortisoni acetatis 2.5% - 10 ml

D.t.d. N.10 in ampullis

S. 2 ml intramuscularly 1 time per day.

Write out 6 ampoules containing 0.005 vinblastine (Vinblastinum). Assign intravenously at 0.005 g once a week, after dissolving the contents of the ampoule in 5 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution.

Rp.: Vinblastini 0.005

D.t.d. N.6 in ampullis

S. Dissolve the contents of the ampoule in 5 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Administer 5 ml intravenously once a week.

If they are prescribed in ampoules liquid organ preparations, novogalenic preparations and official solutions having an industrial name, then the prescription indicates only the name of the drug and its amount in milliliters.

Recipe examples:

Write out 10 ampoules containing 1 ml (5 units) of oxytocin (Oxytocinum). Dilute the contents of the ampoule in 500 ml of 5% sterile glucose solution. Administer intravenously.

Rp.: Oxytocini 1 ml (5 ED)

D.t.d. N.10 in ampullis

S. Dilute the contents of the ampoule in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution. Administer intravenously.

Write out 10 ampoules containing 1 ml of Digalen-neo (Digalen-neo). Assign 1 ml subcutaneously 1 time per day.

Rp.: Digalen - neo 1 ml

D.t.d. N.10 in ampullis

S. 1 ml subcutaneously 1 time per day.

Write out 6 ampoules containing 1 ml of cytiton (Cytitonum). Assign 0.5 ml intravenously.

Rp.: Cytitoni 1 ml

D.t.d. N.10 in ampullis

S. 0.5 ml intravenously.

When prescribing medicines in vials, the same rules are followed as when prescribing them in ampoules, while the designation "in vials" not listed in the recipe.

Recipe examples:

Write out 10 vials containing 600,000 IU of bicillin 1 (Bicillinum-1). Assign 600,000 IU intramuscularly once a week, after dissolving the contents of the vial in 3 ml of water for injection.

Rp.: Bicillini -1 600000 ED

D.t.d. N.10

S. Dissolve the contents of the vial in 3 ml of water for injection. Administer 600,000 IU intramuscularly once a week.

Write out 6 vials containing 5 ml (40 units per 1 ml) of insulin (Insulinum). Assign 0.5 ml subcutaneously 2 times a day.

Rp.: Insulini 5 ml (40 ED)

D. t . d. N.6

S. 0.5 ml subcutaneously 2 times a day.

When prescribing dosage forms that are prepared in a pharmacy, the prescription must contain an indication of the sterilization of the medicinal substance.

Recipe example:

Write out 500 ml of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution. Assign for subcutaneous drip.

Rp.: Solutionis Natrii chloridi 0.9% - 500 ml

sterilization!

D.S. Administer subcutaneously.

Aerosols – Aerosola.

Them. p. units hours -Aerosolum.

ATin. P. units. h. – Aerosolum.

Spray can - this is a dosage form, which is an aerodisperse system in which the dispersion medium is air (or a mixture of gases), and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances.

The most widespread are aerosol packages with a valve device and a spray head. The drug is released as an aerosol when the valve is pressed. Some packages are equipped with a device that allows you to dose the medicinal substance. Use aerosols for inhalation or for external use.

Recipe example:

Write out 1 pack of beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclometazonum dipropionas) metered-dose aerosol containing 5 micrograms of beclomethasone in 1 inhalation dose. Assign 3 inhalations per day.

R.p.: Aerosolum Beclometazoni dipropionatis 0.0005-N. 200

D. S. For inhalation.

TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT TRAINING (PHARMACOLOGY)

Write out:

1. 500 ml 3% phenol solution (Phenolum). For room disinfection.

2. 100 ml 0.1% ethacridine lactate solution (Aethacridini lactas). Assign for rinsing the mouth with stomatitis.

3. 10 ml 1% brilliant green alcohol solution (Viride nitens). Assign to lubricate the skin around the mouth.

4. 20 ml 20% tannin solution (Tanninum) in glycerin (Glycerinum). To lubricate gums.

5. 5 ml 30% silver nitrate solution (Argenti nitras). Release in a dark bottle. Assign for the treatment of the necks of the teeth.

6. 50 ml of official hydrogen peroxide solution (Hydrogenii peroxydi diluta). Assign 2 drops in both eyes 3 times a day.

7. 10 ml of 1% pilocarpine hydrochloride solution (Pilocarpini hydrochloridum). Assign 2 drops in both eyes 3 times a day.

8. 10 ml of 0.1% solution of naphthyzinum (Naphthyzinum). Assign 2 drops in the nose 2 times a day.

9. 10 ml 1% menthol oil solution (Mentholum). Assign 2 drops in the nose 2 times a day.

10. 10 ml 0.25% copper sulfate solution (cupri sulfas). Bury in the cavity of the conjunctiva 2 times a day, 2 drops.

11. 10 ml of 5% alcohol solution of resorcinol (resorcinum). For the treatment of wounds.

12. 150 ml dibazol solution (Dibazolum), a single dose of which is 0.3 g. Assign 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

13. 180 ml 3% sodium bromide solution (Natrii bromidum). Take orally 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

14. 100 ml of analgin solution (Analginum), a single dose of 0.25 g. Assign 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day.

15. 10 ml codeine phosphate solution (Codeini phosphas), a single dose of 0.01 g. 10 drops 3 times a day.

16. 15 ml cardiovalen (Cardiovalenum). 15 drops 2 times a day.

17. 20 ml Corvalol (Corvalolum). 20 drops 3 times a day.

18. 20 ml ginseng tincture (Ginsengi). 20 drops 3 times a day.

19. 20 ml peppermint tincture (Mentha piperita). 20 drops 3 times a day.

20. 20 ml liquid ergot extract (Secale cornutum). 20 drops 2 times a day.

21. 200 ml infusion of eucalyptus leaves (folium Eucalipti) in a ratio of 1:10. For rinsing.

22. 100 ml mouse herb infusion (herba Thermopsidis) at a ratio of 1:400. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

23. 150 ml decoction of buckthorn bark (Cortex frangulae). 1 tablespoon at night.

24. 200 ml decoction of the emetic root (radix Ipecacuanhae) at a ratio of 1:400. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

25. A potion containing 180 ml of yarrow herb infusion (herba Millefolii) in a ratio of 1:10 and 5 ml of viburnum liquid extract (Extractum viburni). 10 drops 3 times a day.

26. Potion for 40 doses, which includes aprofen (Aprophenum), a single dose of 0.025 g and papaverine hydrochloride (Papaverini hydrochloridum), a single dose of 0.02 g. 10 drops 3 times a day.

27. 180 ml of a mixture containing diluted hydrochloric acid (Acidum hydrochloridum dilutum), a single dose of 10 drops and pepsin (Pepsinum), a single dose of 0.15 g. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day before meals.

28. A potion containing 150 ml of rhubarb root infusion (radix Rhei) in a ratio of 1:30, sodium sulfate (Natrii sulfas), a single dose of 3.0 g and 30 ml of simple syrup (Sirupus simplex). 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

29. 3 dose potion containing chloral hydrate (Chloralum hydratum), a single dose of 1.0 g and 50% starchy mucus (Amylum). 1 tablespoon at night.

30. 100 ml emulsion of 10 ml fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). For 1 reception.

31. 200 ml pumpkin seed emulsion (Semen Cucurbitae). 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.

32. 10 bottles of protamine-zinc-insulin suspension (Protamine -Zinc -insulini) 5 ml (40 IU in 1 ml). 20 units (0.5 ml) subcutaneously.

33. 5 vials of 2.5% hydrocortisone acetate suspension (Hydrocortizoni acetas) 5 ml. 1 ml intrasynovially.

34. 20 ampoules containing 1 ml of 0.1% oil solution of sinestrol (Synoestrolum). 1 ml intramuscularly.

35. 30 ml of 5% barbamyl solution (barbamylum). 10 ml intravenously.

36. 500 ml 2% potassium chloride solution (Kalii chloridum). For intravenous drip.

37. 10 ml of apomorphine hydrochloride solution (Apomorphini hydrochloridum), a single dose of 0.005 g. Give out in a dark bottle. 1 ml subcutaneously.

38. 200 ml 0.5% trimecaine solution (Trimecainum) for infiltration anesthesia. Use a 0.9% sodium chloride solution as a solvent.

39. 10 ampoules containing 5 ml of a 2.5% solution of chlorpromazine (Aminazinum). 5 ml intramuscularly.

40. 15 ampoules containing 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate (Atropini sulfas). 1 ml subcutaneously.

41. 6 ampoules containing 1 ml of cytiton (Cytitonum). 0.5 ml intravenously.

42. 10 ampoules containing 2 ml of 20% camphor oil solution (camphor). 2 ml subcutaneously.

43. 10 ampoules containing 1 ml (5 units) of oxytocin (Oxytocinum). 0.2 ml intramuscularly.

44. 6 vials containing 600,000 units of bicillin-1 (Bicillinum-1).

600,000 IU intramuscularly, after dissolving the contents of the vial in 5 ml of a 0.5% solution of novocaine.

Ointment - a soft dosage form for external use, intended for application to the skin, wounds or mucous membranes.

Ointments consist of a base and one or more medicinal substances evenly distributed in it. The composition of ointments includes stabilizers, preservatives. Ointments are obtained by mixing medicinal substances with special shaping substances - ointment bases. Vaseline (Vaselinum) and lanolin (Lanolinum) are most often used as ointment bases. Ointments are made most often in a factory way, sometimes in pharmacies.

Characteristics and classification.

Ointments are widely used in various fields of medicine: in the treatment of dermatological diseases, in otolaryngology, in surgical, proctological, gynecological practice, and also as a means of protecting the skin from adverse external influences (organic substances, acids, alkalis). Recently, ointments have also been used to influence internal organs and the entire body in order to treat, prevent and diagnose diseases.

In the form of ointments, medicinal substances belonging to all pharmacological groups are used: antiseptics, anesthetics, hormones, vitamins, antifungals, analgesics, antibiotics, etc.

Depending on the consistency, there are: ointments, pastes, creams, gels.

Requirements for ointments:

1. Should have a soft consistency for ease of application to the skin and mucous membranes and the formation of an even continuous film on the surface.

2. Medicinal substances in ointments should be as dispersed as possible and distributed throughout the ointment in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and dosing accuracy of the medicinal substance.

3. Must be stable, free of mechanical inclusions.

4. Their composition should not change during storage and use.

5. The concentration of medicinal substances and the mass of the ointment must correspond to those prescribed in the prescription.

By the nature of the action:

1) ointments, have a local effect on the upper layer of the skin or the surface of the mucous membrane;

2) ointments of resorptive action (resorption - absorption, absorption), the depth of penetration into the skin or mucous membrane, reaches the bloodstream and has an effect on the entire body (nitrong ointment, contains a 2% oil solution of nitroglycerin and is taken to prevent angina attacks. Effect occurs in 30-40 minutes and persists for 3-5 hours).

From the point of view of technology, the classification according to the type of dispersion system is more important:

homogeneous ointments;

Heterogeneous ointments.

Homogeneous - in them, medicinal substances are distributed in the base according to the type of solution, i.e. brought to molecular dispersion.

Heterogeneous - characterized by the presence of an interfacial surface between medicinal substances and the base.

Bases for ointments provide the necessary mass of the ointment and thus the proper concentration of medicinal substances, soft consistency, have a significant impact on the stability of ointments. The degree of release of medicinal substances from ointments, the speed and completeness of their resorption largely depend on the nature and properties of the base. The basic requirements are:

a) a soft consistency is necessary for ease of application to the skin and mucous membranes.

b) the chemical inertness of the bases guarantees the absence of interaction with medicinal substances, changes under the influence of external factors (air, light, moisture, temperature) and, therefore, the stability of the ointment is ensured.

c) the absence of allergenic irritants and the sensitizing effect of ointments depends on harmless biological bases.

d) it is important that the foundations do not interfere with the physiological functions of the skin. The outer layer of the skin is acidic, which prevents the growth of microorganisms. Therefore, maintaining the original pH value of the skin is of great importance.

e) the absence of microorganisms that can cause re-infection of inflamed skin and mucous membranes, as well as a decrease in the activity of medicinal substances.

f) ease of removal of ointment residues from linen, skin surface.

g) the properties of the base must correspond to the purpose of prescribing ointments.

Bases for surface-acting ointments should not contribute to the depth of absorption of medicinal substances. Bases for resorptive ointments, on the contrary, to ensure the absorption of medicinal substances through the skin layer. The bases of protective ointments should dry quickly and adhere tightly to the surface of the skin. There are several classifications of bases for ointments: according to physical properties, according to chemical composition, source of preparation, etc.

According to the possibility of dissolving medicinal substances and the base, all ointment bases are divided into 3 groups: lipophilic, hydrophilic, lipophilic-hydrophilic bases.

Lipophilic bases are chemically heterogeneous substances with pronounced hydrophobicity. These include fats and their derivatives, waxes, hydrocarbons and silicone bases. (hydrogenated fats are products obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils. In this case, unsaturated glycerides become saturated, and liquid oils change their consistency to soft and hard depending on the degree of hydrogenation. Hydrogenated fats are more stable during storage)

Hydrophilic bases - a characteristic feature is the ability to dissolve in water. Hydrophilic foundations do not leave greasy marks, they are better washed off from the skin and linen. Their disadvantage is their low resistance to microbial contamination. These include gels of carbohydrates and proteins, synthetic agents, inorganic substances.

Lipophilic-hydrophilic bases - both water-soluble and fat-soluble substances, aqueous solutions of medicinal substances can be easily introduced into them. As mandatory components, they include an emulsifier of surface-active substances (surfactants).

Pastes (pasta - dough) are a non-dosed dosage form, differ from ointments in a high content of powdered substances (at least 25%, but not more than 65%) and therefore have a thicker consistency. Pastes are longer than ointments, they are held in place. Due to the high content of powdery substances, pastes, unlike ointments, have pronounced adsorbing and drying (absorbing, absorbent) properties, which is why they also have an anti-inflammatory effect. This dosage form is usually used when prescribing topical drugs that have astringent, cauterizing, antiseptic and other properties.

Suppositories are dosage forms. They are solid at room temperature and melt at body temperature. Suppositories are made most often in a factory way, sometimes in pharmacies.

Suppositories consist of medicinal substances and a base. The best base is cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao) - a homogeneous mass of dense consistency with a melting point of 30--34 ° C.

There are rectal suppositories - Suppositoria rectalia and vaginal - Suppositoria vaginalia. Rectal suppositories (candles) are usually in the form of a cone or cylinder with a pointed end. Their mass ranges from 1.1 to 4 g. Vaginal suppositories can be spherical (balls), ovoid (ovules) or flat with a rounded end (pessaries). The mass of vaginal suppositories is from 1.5 to 6 g.

Medicinal substances in vaginal suppositories are used for local action, and in rectal ones for resorptive action. Suppositories manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry.