Creation of a scientific picture of the world in the 19th century. Lesson topic: “Science: creating a scientific picture of the world

Michael Faraday In 1837, he discovers the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the phenomenon of generating an electric field by an alternating magnetic field. 3

James Clark Maxwell In 1873 complete theory of electromagnetism, electromagnetic field equations. According to his theory, there are invisible electromagnetic waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. four

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz In December 1888, he discovered electromagnetic waves, experimentally confirming Maxwell's theory. 5

Hendrik Anton Lorenz developed the electronic theory of matter, and also formulated a self-consistent theory of electricity, magnetism and light. 6

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen In 1895 discovered X-rays, later called X-rays, Nobel Prize winner in 1901 in physics

A group of scientists Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre and Marie-Skłodowska Curie Ernest Rutherford Niels Henrik David Bohr 8

Charles Robert Darwin In the book "The Descent of Man" (1871), he substantiated the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor. 9

Louis Pasteur Studied the etiology of many infectious diseases. He developed a method of preventive vaccination against chicken cholera (1879), anthrax (1881), and rabies (1885). Introduced methods of asepsis and antisepsis, pasteurization. ten

Jenner Edward –1823 Cowpox Vaccine

Jean Nicolas Corvisard Introduced into practical medicine a new diagnostic method, percussion, discovered in 1761 by L. Auenbrugger. The main works are devoted to diseases of the heart and large vessels. One of the founders of semiotics. 12

Laennec René Theophile Hyacinth Invented the stethoscope in 1816, developed (1819) and put into practice the method of auscultation, with the help of which he accurately described many important signs of illness. He was the first to give a pathoanatomical description of tuberculosis, established its specificity, linking the development of the disease with the formation of tubercles. For the first time he proved the possibility of curing tuberculosis. 13

Robert Koch announced on March 24, 1882 that he was able to isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Nobel Prize winner in 1905 in Physiology or Medicine

Homework 15 1) Find definitions of literary movements in the dictionary: Romanticism Romanticism Critical realism Critical realism Naturalism Naturalism 2) Prepare a report about ONE representative of foreign literature of the 19th century: George Byron George Byron Victor Hugo Victor Hugo Heinrich Heine Heinrich Heine Honore de Balzac Honore de Balzac Charles Dickens Charles Dickens Emile Zola Emile Zola Joseph Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling

Municipal state educational institution

Nizhneikoretskaya secondary school

Liskinsky district of the Voronezh region

Integrated subjects: history, biology, physics.

Topic: "Science in the XIX century. Creation of a scientific picture of the world.

Form of holding: scientific conference.

Target audience: Grade 8 (with an invitation to Grades 7 and 9).

Duration 2 teaching hours.

Objectives: to determine the trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century;

to acquaint students with the biographies of scientists and their discoveries;

to determine the significance of scientific discoveries of the 19th century for the present.

Tasks:

to teach students to work with literature and Internet resources, to compose and present electronic presentations;
develop the ability to speak in front of an audience;
learn to make generalizations and formulate conclusions.

Equipment:

Multimedia projector, computer, equipment for demonstrating the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (magnets, ammeter, copper wire). Exhibition of items invented in the 19th century (typewriter, sewing machine, matches, photography, telephone, microphone, rubber, aluminum, celluloid). Portraits of scientists (Faraday, Maxwell, Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch, Darwin, Roentgen, Curie, Nobel).

During the classes.

Organizing time. Communication of the goals and objectives of the lesson. Presentations of groups of students that were pre-formed and received advanced tasks - to make electronic presentations about scientists and their discoveries. Students are placed in groups of "biologists", "physicists" and "experts".

Introduction. History teacher's word:

The 19th century is a special time in the development of science. Great discoveries follow one after another. New discoveries are destroying the notion that nature is subject to strict laws of mechanics. Here we will talk about those discoveries in the field of physics and biology, without which the development of an industrial society would be impossible. Monopoly capitalism, large corporations ensured the introduction of modern technologies and scientific discoveries. Technological advances have changed people's daily lives. Transport became convenient and accessible. Modern means of communication facilitated communication, and newspapers and radio brought all the news directly to the house. An integral part of the street landscape at the end of the 19th century was the figure of a newsboy shouting out the news.

Three boys run out with newspapers and take turns shouting the news.

1800 - Volta created batteries. The age of inventions and discoveries begins.

1816 - English postmen switched to bicycles: quickly and conveniently.

1827 - photography was invented: events and people can now be immortalized.

1829 - Braille invented the alphabet and made it possible for blind people to read and write.

1832 - acetylene gas was discovered and its ability to weld metal. It became possible to use metal structures in the construction of bridges, houses, towers.

1852 - invented an elevator for lifting in high-rise buildings.

1854 - a new metal was born - aluminum. While it is used as decoration, but in the next century, aircraft will be made from it.

1855 - matches - fire in a small box. Now safer and more convenient.

1861 - Celluloid was invented. Children's toys have become lighter and more practical.

1866 - Humanity switches to artificial food. Margarine replaces butter.

1867 Sholes gives Relington a patent for a typewriter.

1866 - Singer invented the sewing machine, and patented only a needle with a hole in the tip.

1866 - Alfred Nobel created dynamite - good and evil in "one bottle".

A history teacher:

Every year, since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded for discoveries in science and the strengthening of peace. Among the representatives of science of the 19th century, there are also Nobel Prize winners, but everything is in order.

Speech by a group of physicists led by a physics teacher. Students present their presentations.

Summary of presentations.

In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. He noticed that if a copper wire is placed in a magnetic field, an electric current arises in it.

Experience is shown.

This discovery gave life to all generators, dynamos and electric motors. Faraday was called the "Lord of Lightning" by his contemporaries.

He became a member of the royal society and many academies of the world.

The discovery of the English physicist Maxwell became a sensation. In the 60s he developed the electromagnetic theory of light. According to the theory, there are invisible electromagnetic waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. This is how the concept of non-mechanical motion was born. Light in Maxwell acts as a kind of electromagnetic oscillations. After 10 years, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and received them in the laboratory and proved that no objects can prevent their propagation. Based on these discoveries, Popov and Marconi created a wireless telegraph.
In 1874, the Dutch physicist Lorenz, continuing to develop Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, tried to explain it from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter. The Englishman Stoney in 1891 introduced the term "electron" to designate the atom of electricity. Later it turned out that the electron is an integral part of the atom. This was the beginning of atomic physics.
In 1895, the German physicist Roentgen discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays. Invisible rays penetrated the barrier and reflected the image on the film. This invention is widely used in medicine. Roentgen was the first physicist to win the Nobel Prize.
Maria Sklodowska-Curie, together with her husband Pierre Curie, investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity and obtained new radioactive elements in addition to uranium, also radium and polonium. The element curium is named after these dedicated scientists. Marie Curie was the first female doctor of sciences, lecturer at the Sorbonne, member of the French Academy of Medicine. She received the Nobel Prize twice.

The facilitator passes the floor to "biologists". Under the guidance of a biology teacher, students make their presentations.

Summary:

The revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great English scientist Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species". Five years on a trip around the world, Darwin collected, studied, systematized botanical and zoological material and came to the sensational conclusion that it was not God who created all life, but nature was gradually formed in the process of development. He introduces the term "evolution" and proves that man is a product of the evolution of ape-like creatures.
The French scientist Louis Pasteur studied the process of fermentation. He discovered microbes that cause spoilage of food and sour milk. He also discovered a way to deal with them. Pasteurization and sterilization are thoroughly included in medicine and industry, as well as in the kitchen to housewives. Pasteur introduced the concept of "immunity" and proved that weakened microbes in vaccines contribute to the body's resistance and prevent diseases.
Pasteur's theory was supported by Jenner. He noticed that milkmaids did not get smallpox, which claimed the lives of millions of people. Jenner proved that milkmaids in a mild form become infected with cowpox and they develop immunity to the disease. He created a life-saving vaccine. "Wakka" means "cow". In 1882, Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus and developed a vaccine against consumption. The Russian scientist Ilya Mechnikov, who created the doctrine of protecting organisms from microbes, became the Nobel Prize winner. A new science has emerged - microbiology. Invented a vaccine against typhoid and rabies.
In the 19th century, drugs were invented - aspirin and sulfa drugs. The use of a new device - a stethoscope - made it possible to listen to the lungs and detect wheezing. In 1831, the gas chloroform was discovered, which is used for anesthesia. The industry began to produce soap, which also reduced the infectious risk.

Lead teacher:

In my hand I have another invention of the 19th century - a student's pen. This invention has become a symbol of change in education. The development of science and technology required changes in education. At the end of the century, universal compulsory primary education was introduced in England and France. The school is exempt from the patronage of the church. American philosopher John Dewey said: “Education is already life, not preparation for it.” Dewey created a laboratory school at the University of Chicago, where work was at the forefront. Instead of retelling and memorizing, the children made crafts, talked, discussed various topics and argued. A new generation grew up capable of developing the scientific ideas of their predecessors.

The lead teacher gives the floor to a group of "experts". Experts voice their conclusions about the trends in the development of scientific thought in XIX century and their significance for mankind.

Approximate content of conclusions:

The main feature of the natural science discoveries of the second half of the 19th century was that the ideas about the structure of matter, space, movement, the development of living nature, the causes of disease and the origin of life on earth changed radically.
Science refuted previous knowledge and gave the key to the discovery of the invisible secrets of nature. A new picture of the world was being formed, because science came close to the structure of the atom.
The development of science has led to advances in medicine, which is very important for all mankind.
Thanks to science, the daily life of society has changed.
New directions in science emerged: microbiology, nuclear physics - an unlimited field for new research and discoveries.

The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and set the stage for many future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. Scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many areas and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress progressed uncontrollably.

Lead teacher:

Thanks to the experts, and now we invite our audience to participate in a small quiz.

Questions:

1. Who discovered all-penetrating x-rays? (X-ray)

2. Who gave an explanation of the origin of life on earth that is different from church teaching? (Darwin)

3. Who discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity? (Curie)

4. Whose discoveries made doctors sterilize medical instruments? (Pasteur)

5. Who studied the wave theory of light? (Maxwell)

6. Who discovered the pathogen and taught how to treat tuberculosis? (Koch)

7. Who established the award to scientists for outstanding achievements in science? (Nobel).

Lead teacher:

Thank you all for your work. Good luck in your studies!

List of literature and Internet resources:

Physics. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 16.- M.: Avanta, 2003.
Reader in physics / ed. B.I. Spassky. - M .: Education, 1987.
Wikipedia. Category: Physics XIX century.

Lesson 1

The purpose of the lesson:

Acquaintance with the main achievements of scientific thought, their significance in the life of mankind, about the main features of the new scientific picture of the world.

Awareness of the inseparable connection between scientific discoveries and everyday life of a person: the impact on the perception of the world, health status, education.

Skill development:

research work of students, creation of projects in the form of computer presentations, public defense of projects.

peer-assessment of student performance.

Expected results:

acquisition of knowledge about the most important achievements of scientific thoughtXIXcentury, their significance in the life of mankind, the main features of the new scientific picture of the world,

creating a presentation project"Science: creating a scientific picture of the world"

improving the skills of research work of students, protection of projects.

Lesson form: lesson-conference

Methods: problem-search, research, design.

Location of the lesson: multimedia room.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, demonstration screen.

During the classes

Hello, dear participants of the conference. Conference Day Theme"Science: creating a scientific picture of the world" is dedicated to the development of scientific thoughtXIXcentury. Today we will hear reports on the most important scientific discoveries of this period, we will try to answer the questions:the main features of the new scientific picture of the world? Is there an inextricable link between scientific discoveries and everyday human life? Let me remind you about the rules of the conference:

observance by the speakers of the regulations (min - report - 3 min);

clear argumentation of their thoughts during the report and discussion;

respect for the speaker, opponent;

questions to the speaker only after the end of the report;

objectivity in evaluating the presentations of speakers.

Project evaluation criteria (report + presentation):

Scientific nature of the material

Availability of presentation

Aesthetics of material design.

1 student. CenturyXIXspecial in the history of science. It was at this time that one discovery followed another. Many of them radically change the scientific picture of the world: ideas about matter, space, time, movement, the origin of life on Earth, the development of nature and the place of man in nature. It was at this time that science and production become closely related concepts. Without discoveries in the field of physics, chemistry, biology, the development of an industrial society was impossible. In turn, technological progress made it possible to create the instruments necessary for scientific research.One of the greatest scientific discoveries is the discoveryMichael Faraday eelectromagnetism. Gradually, his experimental research more and more switched to the fieldelectromagnetism . After opening in 1820H. Oersted magnetic action of electric current, Faraday was fascinated by the problem of communication betweenelectricity andmagnetism . AT1822 an entry appeared in his laboratory diary: "Turn magnetism into electricity." In 1831, Faraday experimentally discovered the phenomenonelectromagnetic induction - the occurrence of an electric current in a conductor moving in a magnetic field. Faraday also gave a mathematical description of this phenomenon, which underlies modernelectrical engineering . In 1832 Faraday openselectrochemical laws , which form the basis of a new section of science -electrochemistry , which today has a huge number of technological applications.

James Clark Maxwelldeveloped the electromagnetic theory of light. He managed to do this by generalizing the theories and results of the experiments of many physicists. According to this theory, invisible electromagnetic waves exist in nature. Maxwell began to study electricity and magnetism about 20 years after Faraday's discovery, when there were two views on the nature of electric and magnetic effects. The theory of the electromagnetic field and, in particular, the conclusion from it about the existence of electromagnetic waves during the life of Maxwell remained purely theoretical provisions that did not have any experimental confirmation, and were often perceived by contemporaries as a "mind game". The significance of this discovery is that it made it possible to create an electric motor, which became a source of a new source of energy-electricity for that time.

2 student In 1887 German physicist Heinrich Hertz set up an experiment that fully confirmed Maxwell's theoretical conclusions. (300 thousand km / sec). Since 1933, the unit of measurement of frequency Hertz has been called the name of Hertz, which is included in the international metric system of units SI. Hertz believed that his discoveries were no more practical than Maxwell's: “It is absolutely useless. This is just an experiment that proves that Maestro Maxwell was right. We just have mysterious electromagnetic waves that we can't see with our eyes, but they're there." "And what's next?" one of the students asked him. Hertz shrugged his shoulders, he was a modest man, without pretensions and ambitions: "I guess - nothing." But life has shown the opposite - on the basis of these discoveries, the wireless telegraph was invented by Marconi and Popov.

The structure of matter has been of interest to mankind since ancient times. Science refuted previous knowledge about the indivisibility of the atom. Dutch physicistHendrik Anton Lorenztried to explain the electromagnetic theory from his point of view of the structure of the atom. Developed a theory about transformations of the state of a moving body.He developed the electromagnetic theorySveta and electronic theorymatter , and also formulated a self-consistent theoryelectricity , magnetism and light. The name of this scientist is associated with the well-known from the school course of physicsLorentz force (the concept of which he developed in1895 d) is the force acting oncharge moving inmagnetic field .

3 student Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, German physicist, discovered invisible rays calledXrays that penetrate different objects to varying degrees. With their help, you can even see what is hidden from the eyes under a layer of a substance. For example, you can see the human skeleton. This discovery made it possible to create an X-ray machine used in medicine to make accurate diagnoses. Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize.

The creation of the theory of radioactivity, and the complex structure of the atom, which explained many previous discoveries in physics, was carried out byHenri Becquerel, Maria Skladowska-Curie, Pierre Curie.In 1896, Becquerel accidentally discovered radioactivity while working on the study of phosphorescence in uranium salts. In 1903, together with Pierre and Marie Curie, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of his outstanding achievements in the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"

Maria Skłodowska became the first woman in Europe with a doctorate; the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, the first person to win the Nobel Prize twice. Together with her husband Pierre Curie, they conducted numerous experiments in an attempt to explain the nature of radiation. Maria Discovered two new radioactive elements -

polonium and radium.

4 student. The theory revolutionized natural science Charles Darwin. In 1871, Charles Darwin's book The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection was published, which shows not only the undoubted similarity, but also the relationship between humans and primates. Darwin argued that the ancestor of man can be found in the modern classification, among forms that may even be lower than the great apes. Humans and apes undergo similar psychological and physiological processes in courtship, reproduction, fertility, and care of offspring. A Russian translation of this book appeared in the same year. The following year, Darwin's book Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals was published, in which, based on the study of the facial muscles and the means of expressing emotions in man and animals, their relationship is proved by one more example. The theory contradicted the prevailing views on the divine origin of nature and man, and asserted the progressive development in the process of evolution. These conclusions caused a storm of indignation both from many scientists and from the public.

5 student French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur engaged in the study of fermentation processes. As a result of numerous experiments, he proved that fermentation is a biological process caused by the activity of microorganisms. Pasteur proposed a method of preserving food through heat treatment (later called pasteurization). In 1865, Pasteur began to study the nature of the silkworm disease and, as a result of many years of research, developed methods to combat this infectious disease. He studied other contagious diseases of animals and humans (anthrax, puerperal fever, rabies, chicken cholera, rubella of pigs, etc.), finally establishing that they are caused by specific pathogens. Based on the concept of artificial immunity developed by him, he proposed a method of preventive vaccinations, in particular, vaccination against anthrax (1881). In 1880, Pasteur, together with E. Roux, began research on rabies. The first protective vaccination against this disease was given to him in 1885.

6 student German physician and bacteriologistHeinrich Hermann Robert Koch. Robert passed the examination for the degree of doctor of medicine with honors.After a series of careful experiments, the scientist identified the bacillus that became the sole cause of anthrax. Further, Koch decided to try his luck and find the causative agent of tuberculosis. At that time, every seventh person in Germany died of tuberculosis. The doctors were powerless. Tuberculosis was generally considered a hereditary disease, and therefore no attempts were made to combat it. The patients were prescribed fresh air and good food. That's all treatment. Koch began research on tuberculosis, focusing on finding ways to treat this disease. In 1890, he announced that such a method had been found. Koch isolated the so-called tuberculin (a sterile liquid containing substances produced by the tuberculosis bacillus during growth), which caused an allergic reaction in tuberculosis patients. However, in fact, tuberculin was not used to treat tuberculosis, because. he did not have a special therapeutic effect, and his introduction was accompanied by toxic reactions, which caused him the sharpest criticism. Protests against the use of tuberculin subsided only when it was discovered that the tuberculin test could be used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. This discovery, which played a major role in the fight against tuberculosis in cows, was the main reason for Koch's Nobel Prize.

Teacher Thanks to the speakers. Let's try to answer the question: “What were the main features of the new scientific picture of the world, how did people's ideas about the world change?

Student The emergence of Darwin's theory changed people's views on the question of the origin of nature and man.

Student The man could now see what was hidden from his eyes: an x-ray.

Student Science has penetrated into the mysterious realm of the structure of the atom.

Teacher Do you think there is a close connection between scientific discoveries and everyday human life?

Student I believe that such a close relationship does not exist. Proof of this: the discovery of the laws of radioactivity. In ordinary life of people, little has changed in connection with this event. But it became a prologue to the creation of weapons of mass destruction.

Student I do not agree with this opinion. After all, this discovery not only made it possible to subsequently create a new weapon, but also to create nuclear power plants, sources of a new type of energy.

Student I also do not agree with the first opinion, tk. for example, the discovery of X-rays allowed man to see the causes of many diseases using x-rays.

Student Changed, for example, people's lives and the discovery of the laws of pasteurization of substances, methods of combating many infectious diseases.

Teacher How has the mindset of people changed?XIXcentury?

Student People's ideas about the world have expanded. Science has proven that many of the laws of nature are subject to it.

Student Scientific discoveries have proven that there are many unknowns in the world around us.

Teacher Today we got acquainted with the scientific discoveries of the XIX century. Having become acquainted with technical discoveries, we will try to determine the reasons for their rapid development.

Summarizing. Evaluation of performances.

Homework to make a table "Science inXIX century"

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slide 2

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 2 What changes have occurred in the development of science What reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge; Today you will learn:

slide 3

We work according to the plan:

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 3 "Lord of Lightning". The sensations continue. Revolution in natural science. The new science is microbiology. Medical advances. Development of education.

slide 4

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 4 We work with the table

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Reasons for the rapid development of sciences

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 5 different sciences? You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39.

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 6 Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production 2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of people of the New Age

Slide 7

"Lord of Lightning"

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 7 Michael Faraday

Slide 8

"Sensations Continue"

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 8 James Carl Maxwell

Slide 9

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 9 Maxwell with a color top in his hand

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 10 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 11 Hertz found that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300 thousand km / s. These waves became known as Hertzian waves. Hertz's experimental apparatus in 1887.

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 12 A Dutch physicist tried to explain Maxwell's electromagnetic theory from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter Hendrik Anton Lorenz

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 13 A revolution took place in the natural-scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which exists today

Slide 14

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 14 At the end of 1895 in Germany, physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays.

slide 15

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 15 Remaining invisible, the rays penetrate various objects to varying degrees. The resulting image can be captured on film. This discovery has found wide application in medicine. X-rays

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 16 Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Maria Sklodowska-Curie Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr Scientists who study the phenomenon of radioactivity

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 17 In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for outstanding achievements in joint research on the phenomena of radiation." Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory

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"Revolution in natural science"

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 18 Charles Darwin

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"Revolution in Medicine"

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 19 Louis Pasteur

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 20 Worked with the fermentation process, created a method for sterilization and pasteurization of various products. Developed several vaccinations against infectious diseases. Explained to surgeons the need to disinfect hands and instruments before work.

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 21 English doctor, developed the first vaccine against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting a seemingly harmless vaccinia virus into the human body. Edward Jenner

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 22 Rene Laennec found that solid bodies produce sounds in different ways. He designed a tube from beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient's chest, and the other to the doctor's ear The first stethoscopes

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 23 German microbiologist, discovered anthrax bacillus, vibrio cholerae and tubercle bacillus. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis. Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 24 One of the founders of evolutionary Embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908).

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"Development of Education"

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 25 Read independently the paragraph "Development of education" on pages 44-45 and answer the question "How did the development of education take place in different states?"

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Summing up the lesson

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 26 Match the scientist and his invention

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Homework:

04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 27

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04/28/2016 Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSh 28 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%E0%F0%E0%E4%E5%E9,_%CC%E0%E9%EA%EB http://ru.wikipedia. org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1 %87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5 %D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85 * http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%F2%E5%F2%EE%F1%EA%EE% EF *http://nova.rambler.ru/search?query=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0 %B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C Anzhelika Viktorovna Antonenkova of the Tver Region

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Abstract

�PAGE � �PAGE �12�

History teacher, MOU Budinskaya OOSh

Tver region

Goals:- (sl.2)

How did these studies affect the lives of the people of the New Age;

Equipment

During the classes.

1. Org. the beginning of the lesson.

1) testing

A) the appearance of steam locomotives;

A) Paris

B) London

In Berlin

A) Edison

B) S. Rhodes

B) K. Benz

A) electric vehicles

B) lampposts

A) L. Dagger

B) Singer

B) r. hill

A) L. Dagger

B) L. Sholes

B) Singer

A) lights

B) kerosene lamps

B) lamps

A) modern

B) classicism

Criteria for evaluation:

Less than 5 - "2"

From 5 to 7 - "3"

From 8 to 10 - "4"

Key to answers:

(sl. 3) Lesson plan:

Reasons for the rapid development of sciences.

"Master of Lightning".

The sensations continue.

Revolution in natural science.

The new science is microbiology.

Medical advances.

Development of education.

1) work according to the textbook:

(sl. 5) Why, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, did they begin to develop so actively

various sciences?

(sq. 6)

(sl. 7) In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which led to the creation of an electric motor. He became a member of the Royal Society.

(sl. 8) In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which generalized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists from different countries in the field of electromagnetism.

James Clerk Maxwell

(sl. 9) According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration.

(sl. 10) In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could interfere with their propagation.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz- German physicist.

(sl. 11)

- (sl. 12)

Hendrik Anton Lorenz

(sl. 13) That.,

Opening rays

(sl. 16)

(feat. 17

(sl. 18) A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist - naturalist C. Darwin "The Origin of Species"

Charles Robert Darwin

(sl. 19) In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on getting a serum for rabies. Gave the world a new science - microbiology

Louis Pasteur pasteurization.

(sl. 20)

Interesting Facts

(sl. 21)

(sl. 23)

(sl. 24) Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist).

(sl. 25)

5. Summing up the lesson:

(p. 26) Assignment on cards

6. Homework(sl. 27)

Paragraph 5, questions, notes in a notebook.

�PAGE � �PAGE �12�

Lesson on New history in grade 8 on the topic: "Science: creating a scientific picture of the world"

History teacher, MOU Budinskaya OOSh

Tver region

Goals:- (sl.2)

Find out what changes have occurred in the development of science; what reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge;

How did these studies affect the lives of the people of the New Age;

To develop the ability to find the necessary information from various sources, the ability to make tabular records.

Equipment: presentation, computer, survey cards.

During the classes.

1. Org. the beginning of the lesson.

2. Checking homework.

1) testing

1. The development of railway transport in cities was facilitated by:

A) the appearance of steam locomotives;

B) the transformation of cities into industrial centers

C) a great desire to make life easier for the townspeople

2. The first public transport - the omnibus appeared for the first time in:

A) Paris

B) London

In Berlin

3. The appearance of trams with electric traction is associated with the name:

A) Edison

B) S. Rhodes

B) K. Benz

4. In what year was the first underground opened in London?

5. An integral part of the street landscape of the late XIX - early XX century was (a) the appearance

A) electric vehicles

B) lampposts

C) boys selling newspapers

6. A machine designed for sewing clothes was invented by:

A) L. Dagger

B) Singer

B) r. hill

7. The founder of the first method of photographing is:

A) L. Dagger

B) L. Sholes

B) Singer

8. Candles and oil lamps were replaced in the 50s by:

A) lights

B) kerosene lamps

B) lamps

9. In what year did L. Scholes receive a patent for the invention of the typewriter?

10. In the Napoleonic era, style dominated:

A) modern

B) classicism

11. A distinctive feature of the early 20th century in clothing was that:

A) women's skirts are narrowed, and men wear three-piece suits;

B) women's skirts expand, men wear tailcoats

C) women wear cleavage, and men tuxedos and tailcoats

Criteria for evaluation:

Less than 5 - "2"

From 5 to 7 - "3"

From 8 to 10 - "4"

Key to answers:

1-b, 2-a, 3-a, 4-c, 5-c, 6-b, 7-a, 8-b, 9-a, 10-c, 11-a

3. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

(sl. 3) Lesson plan:

Reasons for the rapid development of sciences.

"Master of Lightning".

The sensations continue.

Revolution in natural science.

The new science is microbiology.

Medical advances.

Development of education.

(sl. 4) - draw a table to be filled in during the lesson.

4. Learning new material:

1) work according to the textbook:

(sl. 5) Why, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, did they begin to develop so actively

various sciences?

You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39.

(sq. 6)

Reasons for the development of science in modern times:

1. Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production

2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of the people of the New Age.

(sl. 7) In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which led to the creation of an electric motor. He became a member of the Royal Society.

Let's find out more about him.

Michael was born on September 22, 1791 in Newngton Butts (now Greater London). His father was a poor blacksmith from the London suburbs. The elder brother Robert was also a blacksmith, who in every possible way encouraged Michael's craving for knowledge and at first supported him financially. Faraday's mother, a hardworking and uneducated woman, lived to the time when her son achieved success and recognition, and was rightfully proud of him. The modest income of the family did not allow Michael to even finish high school, from the age of thirteen he began working as a supplier of books and newspapers, and then at the age of 14 he went to work in a bookstore, where he also studied bookbinding. Seven years of work in the workshop on Blandford Street became for the young man and years of intense self-education. All this time, Faraday worked hard - he enthusiastically read all the scientific works he bound on physics and chemistry, as well as articles from the Encyclopædia Britannica, repeated in his home laboratory the experiments described in books, on home-made electrostatic devices. An important stage in Faraday's life was classes at the City Philosophical Society, where Michael listened to popular science lectures on physics and astronomy in the evenings and participated in disputes. He received money (one shilling to pay for each lecture) from his brother. At the lectures, Faraday made new acquaintances, to whom he wrote many letters in order to develop a clear and concise style of presentation; he also tried to master the techniques of oratory.

Gradually, his experimental research more and more switched to the field of physics. After the discovery in 1820 by H. Oersted of the magnetic action of electric current, Faraday was fascinated by the problem of the connection between electricity and magnetism. In 1822, an entry appeared in his laboratory diary: "Turn magnetism into electricity." Faraday's reasoning was as follows: if in the experiment of Oersted the electric current has a magnetic force, and, according to Faraday, all forces are interconvertible, then magnets must also excite an electric current. In the same year, he made an attempt to find the polarizing effect of current on light. Passing polarized light through water located between the poles of a magnet, he tried to detect the depolarization of light, but the experiment gave a negative result.

In 1823, Faraday became a member of the Royal Society of London and was appointed director of the physical and chemical laboratories of the Royal Institute, where he conducts his experiments.

James Clerk Maxwell) is a British physicist and mathematician. Scottish by birth. Member of the Royal Society of London (1861). Maxwell laid the foundations of modern classical electrodynamics (Maxwell's equations), introduced the concepts of displacement current and electromagnetic field into physics, obtained a number of consequences from his theory (prediction of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic nature of light, light pressure, and others). One of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases (he established the distribution of gas molecules by velocities). He was one of the first to introduce statistical representations into physics, showed the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics ("Maxwell's demon"), obtained a number of important results in molecular physics and thermodynamics (Maxwell's thermodynamic relations, Maxwell's rule for the liquid-gas phase transition, and others). Pioneer of quantitative color theory; author of the principle of color photography. Among Maxwell's other works are studies on the stability of Saturn's rings, the theory of elasticity and mechanics (photoelasticity, Maxwell's theorem), optics, and mathematics. He prepared for publication the manuscript of the works of Henry Cavendish, paid much attention to the popularization of science, designed a number of scientific instruments.

(sl. 9) According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration.

(sl. 10) In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could interfere with their propagation.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz- German physicist.

Graduated from the University of Berlin, from 1885 to 1889. was a professor of physics at the University of Karlsruhe. Since 1889 - professor of physics at the University of Bonn.

The main achievement is the experimental confirmation of the electromagnetic theory of light by James Maxwell. Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic waves. He studied in detail the reflection, interference, diffraction and polarization of electromagnetic waves, proved that the speed of their propagation coincides with the speed of propagation of light, and that light is nothing but a variety of electromagnetic waves. He built the electrodynamics of moving bodies on the basis of the hypothesis that the ether is entrained by moving bodies. However, his theory of electrodynamics was not confirmed by experiments and later gave way to the electronic theory of Hendrik Lorentz. The results obtained by Hertz formed the basis for the development of radio.

In 1886-87. Hertz was the first to observe and describe the external photoelectric effect. Hertz developed the theory of the resonant circuit, studied the properties of cathode rays, and investigated the effect of ultraviolet rays on an electric discharge. In a number of works on mechanics, he gave the theory of impact of elastic balls, calculated the time of impact, etc. In the book "Principles of Mechanics" (1894), he gave the derivation of general theorems of mechanics and its mathematical apparatus, based on a single principle (Hertz's principle).

Since 1933, Hertz has been the name of the unit of measurement of frequency Hertz, which is included in the international metric system of units SI.

(sl. 11) Hertz found that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300,000 km/s. These waves became known as Hertzian waves. It was on the basis of these discoveries that the wireless telegraph was created by Marconi and Popov. In 1897 A.S. Popov transmitted the first telegram, consisting of two words: "Heinrich Hertz"

- (sl. 12) Nevertheless, the discoveries continued. Back in 1878, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anton Lorentz tried to explain Maxwell's electromagnetic theory from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter.

Hendrik Anton Lorenz

Lorentz studied physics and mathematics at Leiden University. A great influence on him, as a future physicist, was the teacher of astronomy, Professor Frederick Kaiser. At the University of Leiden from 1878 he then worked as a professor of mathematical physics. In 1880, together with his practically namesake Ludwig Lorentz, he derived the Lorentz-Lorentz formula. He developed the electromagnetic theory of light and the electronic theory of matter, and formulated a self-consistent theory of electricity, magnetism, and light. The name of this scientist is associated with the Lorentz force known from the school physics course (the concept of which he developed in 1895) - the force acting on an electric charge moving in a magnetic field. In electrodynamics, the method of calculating the local field, first proposed by Lorentz, and known as the Lorentz Sphere, is widely used.

He developed a theory about transformations of the state of a moving body, which describes a decrease in the length of an object during translational motion. The Lorentz transformations obtained within the framework of this theory are the most important contribution to the development of the theory of relativity.

For explaining the phenomenon known as the Zeeman effect, he was awarded in 1902, together with another Dutch physicist Peter Zeeman, the Nobel Prize in Physics

(sl. 13) That., A revolution took place in the natural-scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which exists today

(sl. 14) At the end of 1895 in Germany, the physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays.

Opening rays

Despite the fact that Wilhelm Roentgen was a hardworking person and, being the head of the Physics Institute at the University of Würzburg, used to stay up late in the laboratory, he made the main discovery in his life - X-rays - when he was already 50 years old. On November 8, 1895, Roentgen's experiments showed the basic properties of a previously unknown radiation, which was called X-ray. As it turns out, X-rays can penetrate many opaque materials; however, it is not reflected or refracted. X-ray radiation ionizes the surrounding air and illuminates the photo plates. ((sq. 15) Also Roentgen made the first pictures using X-rays.

The discovery of the German scientist greatly influenced the development of science. Experiments and studies using X-rays helped to obtain new information about the structure of matter, which, together with other discoveries of that time, forced us to reconsider a number of provisions of classical physics. After a short period of time, X-ray tubes found application in medicine and various fields of technology.

Representatives of industrial firms repeatedly approached Roentgen with offers to buy the rights to use the invention at a bargain price. But Wilhelm refused to patent the discovery, because he did not consider his research a source of income.

By 1919, X-ray tubes had become widespread and were used in many countries. Thanks to them, new areas of science and technology appeared - radiology, radiodiagnosis, radiometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, etc.

(sl. 16)- A whole group of scientists - Henri Becquerel, Pieri Maria Sklodowska - Curie, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr - studied radioactivity and created the doctrine of the complex structure of the atom.

(feat. 17) In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for outstanding services in joint research on the phenomena of radiation."

(sl. 18) A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist - naturalist C. Darwin "The Origin of Species"

Charles Robert Darwin- English naturalist and traveler, one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve in time from common ancestors. In his theory, the first detailed presentation of which was published in 1859 in the book On the Origin of Species, Darwin called natural selection and indefinite variability the main driving force of evolution. The existence of evolution was recognized by most scientists during Darwin's lifetime, while his theory of natural selection as the main explanation for evolution became generally recognized only in the 30s of the 20th century with the advent of the synthetic theory of evolution. The ideas and discoveries of Darwin in a revised form form the foundation of the modern synthetic theory of evolution and form the basis of biology, as providing a logical explanation for biodiversity. The orthodox followers of Darwin's teachings develop the direction of evolutionary thought that bears his name (Darwinism).

(p. 42 - 43 - textbook saying Darwin)

(sl. 19) In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on getting a serum for rabies. Gave the world a new science - microbiology

Louis Pasteur- French microbiologist and chemist, member of the French Academy (1881). Pasteur, having shown the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases, became one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. His work in the field of crystal structure and the phenomenon of polarization formed the basis of stereochemistry. Pasteur also put an end to the centuries-old dispute about the spontaneous generation of some forms of life at the present time, empirically proving the impossibility of this (see Origin of life on Earth). His name is widely known in non-scientific circles due to the technology he created and later named after him. pasteurization.

Pasteur began studying fermentation in 1857. By 1861, Pasteur had shown that the formation of alcohol, glycerol, and succinic acid during fermentation could only occur in the presence of microorganisms, often specific ones.

Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation is a process closely related to the vital activity of yeast fungi, which feed and multiply due to the fermenting liquid. In clarifying this question, Pasteur had to refute Liebig's then dominant view of fermentation as a chemical process. Particularly convincing were Pasteur's experiments with a liquid containing pure sugar, various mineral salts, which served as food for the fermenting fungus, and ammonia salt, which supplied the necessary nitrogen to the fungus. The fungus developed, increasing in weight; ammonium salt was wasted. Pasteur showed that lactic fermentation also requires the presence of a special “organized enzyme” (as living microbial cells were called at that time), which multiplies in the fermenting liquid, also increasing in weight, and with the help of which it is possible to cause fermentation in new portions of the liquid.

At the same time, Louis Pasteur made another important discovery. He found that there are organisms that can live without oxygen. For some of them, oxygen is not only unnecessary, but also poisonous. Such organisms are called strict anaerobes. Their representatives are microbes that cause butyric fermentation. At the same time, organisms capable of both fermentation and respiration grew more actively in the presence of oxygen, but consumed less organic matter from the environment. Thus it was shown that anaerobic life is less efficient. It has now been shown that aerobic organisms are able to extract almost 20 times more energy from the same amount of organic substrate than anaerobic ones.

(sl. 20)

The study of infectious diseases

In 1864, French winemakers turned to Pasteur with a request to help them develop means and methods to combat wine diseases. The result of his research was a monograph in which Pasteur showed that wine diseases are caused by various microorganisms, and each disease has a specific pathogen. To destroy the harmful "organized enzymes" he proposed to warm the wine at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. This method, called pasteurization, has found wide application both in laboratories and in the food industry.

In 1865, Pasteur was invited by his former teacher to the south of France to find the cause of the silkworm disease. After the publication in 1876 of the work of Robert Koch "The Etiology of Anthrax", Pasteur devoted himself entirely to immunology, finally establishing the specificity of the pathogens of anthrax, puerperal fever, cholera, rabies, chicken cholera and other diseases, developed ideas about artificial immunity, proposed a method of preventive vaccinations , in particular from anthrax (1881), rabies (together with Emile Roux 1885), involving specialists from other medical specialties (for example, surgeon O. Lannelong).

The first rabies vaccination was given on July 6, 1885, to 9-year-old Josef Meister at the request of his mother. The treatment ended successfully, the boy did not have any symptoms of rabies.

Interesting Facts

Pasteur spent his whole life studying biology and treating people without receiving any medical or biological education.

Pasteur also painted as a child. When J.-L. Gerome saw his work years later, he said how good it was that Louis chose science, since he would be a great competitor to us.

In 1868 (at the age of 46) Pasteur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He remained disabled: his left arm was inactive, his left leg dragged along the ground. He nearly died, but eventually recovered. Moreover, he made the most significant discoveries after that: he created the anthrax vaccine and the rabies vaccine. When the scientist died, it turned out that a huge part of his brain was destroyed. Pasteur died of uremia.

According to II Mechnikov, Pasteur was a passionate patriot and hater of the Germans. When a German book or pamphlet was brought to him from the post office, he took it with two fingers and threw it away with a feeling of great disgust.

Later, a genus of bacteria was named after him - Pasteur, causing septic diseases, to the discovery of which he, apparently, had nothing to do.

Pasteur was awarded orders from almost all countries of the world. In total, he had about 200 awards.

(sl. 21) At the end of the 18th century, an English doctor noticed that milkmaids did not get smallpox, which at that time claimed the lives of thousands of people. Jenner correctly explained this by saying that milkmaids in a weak form become infected with smallpox from cows and this creates immunity in them. Therefore, he developed the first vaccine - against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting a seemingly harmless vaccinia virus into the human body.

(sl. 22) At the beginning of the 19th century, Jean Corvisart "listened" to his patients with a special stick and determined the state of the lungs and heart by sound. René Laenne, a student of Jean Corvisart, found that solid bodies produce sounds in different ways. He designed a tube from beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient's chest, and the other to the doctor's ear.

(sl. 23) German microbiologist, discovered anthrax bacillus, vibrio cholerae and tubercle bacillus. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis.

Later, Koch attempts to find the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease at that time widespread and the main cause of death. The proximity of the Charite clinic, filled with tuberculosis patients, makes it easier for him - every day, early in the morning, he comes to the hospital, where he receives material for research: a small amount of sputum or a few drops of blood from patients with consumption.

However, despite the abundance of material, he still does not manage to detect the causative agent of the disease. Soon Koch realizes that the only way to achieve the goal is with the help of dyes. Unfortunately, ordinary dyes are too weak, but after several months of unsuccessful work, he still manages to find the necessary substances.

Institute of Microbiology at Dorotheestrasse in Berlin - here Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis

Koch stains the pounded tubercular tissue of the 271st preparation in methyl blue, and then in a caustic red-brown dye used in leather finishing, and reveals tiny, slightly curved, bright blue-colored sticks - Koch's sticks.

On March 24, 1882, when he announced that he had succeeded in isolating the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Koch achieved the greatest triumph of his life. At that time, this disease was one of the main causes of death. In his publications, Koch developed the principles of "obtaining evidence that a particular microorganism causes certain diseases." These principles still underlie medical microbiology.

Koch's study of tuberculosis was interrupted when, on instructions from the German government, he went on a scientific expedition to Egypt and India in order to try to determine the cause of cholera. While working in India, Koch announced that he had isolated the microbe that causes the disease, Vibrio cholerae.

(sl. 24) Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist).

One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation.

Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908). He created the original doctrine of the protection of organisms from microbes.

(sl. 25) Read for yourself the paragraph “Development of education” on pages 44-45 and answer the question “ How did education develop in different states?

5. Summing up the lesson:

(p. 26) Assignment on cards

Match the scientist and his invention

6. Homework(sl. 27)

Paragraph 5, questions, notes in a notebook.

Download abstract Municipal state educational institution

Nizhneikoretskaya secondary school

Liskinsky district of the Voronezh region

Integrated subjects: history, biology, physics.

Topic: “Science in the 19th century. Creation of a scientific picture of the world.

Form of holding: scientific conference.

Target audience: Grade 8 (with an invitation to Grades 7 and 9).

Duration 2 teaching hours.

Objectives: to determine the trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century;

to acquaint students with the biographies of scientists and their discoveries;

to determine the significance of scientific discoveries of the 19th century for the present.

Tasks:

to teach students to work with literature and Internet resources, to compose and present electronic presentations;
develop the ability to speak in front of an audience;
learn to make generalizations and formulate conclusions.

Equipment:

During the classes.

Organizing time. Communication of the goals and objectives of the lesson. Presentations of groups of students that were pre-formed and received advanced tasks - to make electronic presentations about scientists and their discoveries. Students are placed in groups of "biologists", "physicists" and "experts".

Introduction. History teacher's word: