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Gastroenterologists have been thinking about the infectious nature of peptic ulcers since the end of the 20th century. In modern medicine, analysis for pylori ( Helicobacter pylori) is prescribed to almost all patients with gastric and/or duodenal ulcers. People first started talking about spiral bacteria living in the stomach at the end of the 19th century. The fact that they can cause harm to human health was proven only at the end of the 20th century.

Today it is believed that the presence of helicobacteriosis (infection with these microbes) can lead to a number of diseases:

• Chronic.
• Iron deficiency.
• Multiple polyposis of the stomach.
• Peptic ulcer disease.
• Stomach cancer.

The conditions are serious enough to attract the attention of doctors and scientists.

In modern medicine, testing for pylori (Helicobacter pylori) is prescribed to almost all patients with gastric and/or duodenal ulcers

Fact! Since these diseases are caused by a microorganism, they can be prevented by getting rid of the microbe with antibiotics.

They even came up with a name for this – eradication. This is the name for a course of taking antimicrobial agents, which should destroy harmful microorganisms. But before this, Helicobacter bacteria must be reliably identified.

In the first decade of the 21st century, from 50 to 80% of the planet’s population are considered infected (depending on the region of residence and age). Taking this into account, doctors were looking for the simplest and most effective way to identify Helicobacter.

Brief classification of research methods

Scientists have proposed many methods, and several have been adopted. All of them are divided into two large categories:

1. Direct, aimed at identifying microbial bodies directly. The goal is to see the bacteria under a microscope and confirm the infection.
2. Indirect, which allows one to judge infection based on indirect signs. Usually aimed at identifying waste products of a microorganism.

Doctors also have another classification approach, based on the method of obtaining material for research. According to him, there are also two large categories:

1. Invasive - require fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (FEGDS) and collection of biopsy material.
2. Non-invasive - they do not require significant intervention in the body, but require the donation of saliva or feces.

We will try to combine these methods, simplify them and present them in tabular form.

Important! To obtain material for a biopsy, no surgical manipulation is required - a tiny fragment of stomach tissue is taken during FEGDS.

Let's take a closer look at each of the methods and try to understand why doctors need so many different methods. After all, at first glance, in order to get a complete and reliable test result for Helicobacter, you can limit yourself to direct tests. But it's not that simple.

Bacteriological

The second name is cultural. It is based on the isolation of the pathogen. The material is sown on special nutrient media where the microbe can multiply well.

If the desired bacterium is present in the seeded material, then with a 90% probability it will germinate. If it germinates, the laboratory will give a 100% guarantee that the test result for Helicobacter is positive.

Additional benefits:

1. Detection and determination of resistance to individual antibiotics.
2. Monitoring the development of this resistance (whether resistance to new drugs is acquired).
3. Typing of microbes to strains (allows you to distinguish a case of new infection from a relapse of inadequately carried out eradication).
4. Provides significant information for scientific research.

However, this method is not without its drawbacks. The most significant:

1. Test results need to wait at least a week.
2. The material for research requires special conditions of transportation and storage. If they are not followed, false data may be obtained.
3. There is a 10% chance that bacteria live in the stomach, but in the biopsy sample there are either too few of them for growth or they did not get there.
4. “Sleeping” forms that do not reproduce at the current time and will not produce growth are not detected. But in the body, division can begin at any time.
5. High cost of equipment and its maintenance.

In its pure form, the disadvantages of the test outweigh the advantages, so this method is not widely used. Doctors use it only to determine the drug resistance of microorganisms.

Important! Before treatment, this analysis is carried out to select such a complex of antibiotics, Which will be most effective based on sensitivity results.

Histological method

Despite the above, it is the culture method that is fundamental for clinical practice.

Fact! It has a high sensitivity (the probability that if the pathogen is present, it will be found) of 80-90% and specificity (the probability of an accurate conclusion that the pathogen is Helicobacter pylori) of 97%.

Unlike biological samples, samples are not sown on nutrient media, but are fixed in paraffin and examined under a microscope.

If a pathogen is detected, it may indicate the approximate massiveness of stomach contamination (based on the number of microbial bodies included in the sample).

The decryption looks like this:

• Weak (+) contamination – up to 20 bacteria in the field of view.
• Average (++) – from 20 to 50.
• High (+++) – more than 50 microbial bodies in one field of view.

Positive qualities include simple requirements for the storage and transportation of biological material.

There were also some drawbacks:

1. It takes a lot of time (several days) to fix and prepare the sections.
2. Antibiotic resistance is not determined.
3. It is also impossible to carry out intraspecific typing.
4. There may be false-negative results associated with errors in collecting material.

Rapid urease test

The principle of action is based on the mechanism of life of Helicobacter, namely the breakdown of urea. The final product is ammonia, a weak alkali.

The biological material is placed in a special container with a working urea solution, a given pH and an indicator. Once there, the bacteria begins to break down urea, and the alkalinity increases due to ammonia. Then the indicator changes color and we can say that there is a microbe.

The degree of contamination is judged by how quickly the color of the solution changes. The indicator may work within an hour (high degree of identification) or not work at all (normal, no bacteria).

Note! There is an opinion among clinicians that the gold diagnostic standard is a combination of rapid urease and histological methods.

ELISA

An enzyme immunoassay blood test for Helicobacter pylori is excellent as a screening method for mass use.

The principle is to detect specific antibodies to the microorganism. After all, it is a foreign agent, which means the immune system will not ignore it.

Already 20-30 days after infection, Helicobacter can be detected in human blood. The basis is antibodies (immunoglobulins) to bacteria. Moreover, in different places, they will be of different types:

1. Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM are found in the blood.
2. In saliva and gastric juice – classes sIgA, sIgM.

The technique is well studied and tested (the same principle underlies diagnostics). There are many offers on the market, which means you can choose a reasonable price. The material is a few drops of blood. Time – up to 3 hours.

The disadvantage of serological testing for antibodies to Helicobacter pylori is the inability to monitor the dynamics of treatment. Immunoglobulins continue to circulate in the blood for several months even after complete elimination of the pathogen.

Important! ELISA, which is widely used, is cheap, but does not allow an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the eradication scheme used.

Non-invasive option

In 1998, a unique modification of the serological method appeared. It allows you to detect specific Helicobacter antigens in the patient’s feces.

That is, instead of blood tests, a stool test is performed. This is a very progressive method, as it allows you to determine not only the presence, but also the quantity of antigenic material. That is, if the eradication scheme turned out to be effective, the results will show this. And vice versa.

But the research is very expensive, and therefore not very popular. Recently, inexpensive test systems for detecting stool analysis have appeared on the market, but their quality leaves much to be desired.

Accuracy starts from 53% valid results. Therefore, before taking the test, it makes sense to find out where the test system was made. It is better to trust manufacturers from Europe.

Polymerase chain reaction

Its specificity reaches 100%. And it became the first way to do a stool test for Helicobacter. The advantages are very significant:

1. Non-invasive.
2. Unmatched specificity.
3. Relatively easy to use.
4. High speed (30 samples are examined in 4-5 hours).
5. Affordable price.

The principle is the identification of the genetic material of Helicobacter pylori in saliva, dental plaque and feces. Ideal for children and people who cannot undergo FEGDS. For such patients, in order to reliably identify Helicobacter, it is not difficult to take a stool test.

The negative sides are:

1. In adults, food takes longer to move through the digestive tract, while the DNA of bacteria is destroyed, which means the sensitivity of the test decreases.
2. May give false positive results even if the treatment regimen is effective. Can react to genetic material in kale, but this will be the DNA of already dead microbes.

If necessary, blood is also tested using PCR. Nowadays, a second generation method is used - DNA hybridization. It is fully automated: the specialist receives a ready-made assessment of the result.

The specialist can only evaluate the machine decoding of the blood test for Helicobacter and draw conclusions about the dynamics of the process and the effectiveness of treatment.

Breathing tests

There are two of them, both are based on identifying the urease activity of Helicobacter.

Urease

Urea (urea) is very actively broken down by the bacterial enzyme urease. The very first test, introduced into practice in 1987, is based on this property.

A person takes urea labeled with radioactive carbon for breakfast. If Helicobacter is present, it breaks down urea into carbon dioxide, which the patient exhales into a special device.

Based on the amount of radioactive carbon exhaled, an opinion is formed about whether a person is infected. Advantages:

1. Non-invasive.
2. Sensitivity 99%, specificity 98%.
3. Can be used in children and seriously ill patients with contraindications to FEGDS.
4. Allows you to survey large populations.

Important! Before taking a breath test for Helicobacter, control measurements of exhaled air are taken. Only in comparison with them can we talk about increased urease activity, and, therefore, about infection.

False-negative results may occur in people who took antibiotics for reasons unrelated to gastroenterology, bismuth salts. Such patients need to wait to get tested for Helicobacter at least a month after the last time they took these medications.

False positive - if there are other bacteria with urease activity in the oral cavity.

The disadvantages are obvious: the high cost of radioactive materials and special rules of caution when working with them. Therefore, the method did not work as a screening method.

Ammonia test

Developed in St. Petersburg. The level of ammonia in exhaled air is examined. It has all the advantages of the classic urease test, besides it is cheap, not dangerous, and is carried out much faster.

But. Requires a qualitative assessment of the patient's health status. After all, the level of ammonia depends on nutrition, kidney and liver function, and so on.

The most promising as a mass screening method for diagnosing helicobacteriosis.

Dry urease test

The working surface is a strip of paper treated with urea and a special indicator that changes color when the pH changes. The technique is as follows: the test ticket is moistened with saliva and waited for three minutes. The norm is the absence of a blue spot on a yellow background.

If color appears, then based on the width of the colored spot, a conclusion is made about the intensity of urea breakdown (urease activity of saliva).

It is not included in the series because the strip is too sensitive to changes in the acid-base state. For example, in smokers, it is slightly shifted from the norm, which means the result may be false.

Individual tests

Phase-contrast microscopy consists of placing a sample obtained using FEGDS on a glass slide, crushing it, and examining it in a special mode.

The advantage is quick results (1-2 minutes). Disadvantage: high rate of false negative results. It is possible to rely on his data only at high degrees of contamination.

The immunohistochemical method involves the use of antibodies to the pathogen. The sample is fixed in formaldehyde and paraffin, and then treated with a special solution containing monoclonal antibodies.

If the desired microbe is present, the characteristic coloring of the material is observed.

The method is quite good:

1. Sensitive for low contamination.
2. Has high specificity.
3. Detects coccal (inactive) forms.

But the solutions are very expensive and its widespread use is not economically feasible. Although, on an individual basis, it can be used.

Cytological test - microscopy of fingerprint smears from the surface of the stomach or duodenum. It is faster than histology and provides the same information, but the percentage of false negative results is also high.

What to choose?

The variety of methods for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori is truly impressive. But a universal and absolutely accurate one has not yet been invented.

Some are very precise (invasive), but complex. Material for others is easy to obtain (blood, saliva, feces), but expensive to research and reliability leaves much to be desired.

Therefore, a combination of two or three techniques that differ in operating principles is often used. Example: eradication control.

After the course, a breath test is performed - the results are negative. This means that everything has returned to normal, the treatment was successful.

If the test is positive, an invasive test or ELISA or PCR must be performed to exclude a false positive breath test. And only after confirmation of failure of therapy by another method, the issue of repeated eradication should be considered.

And before that, conduct a biological study to determine the resistance of bacteria to certain antibiotics.

Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic spiral-shaped bacterium that is resistant to gastric juice. Once in the body, it settles in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, leading to inflammation, the development of erosions, gastritis, and peptic ulcers.

Timely detection of Helicobacter pylori infection is the key to successful treatment of these and other pathologies, including cancer.

In what cases is analysis for H. pylori necessary?

Analysis is needed when a person complains of discomfort and pain in the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms that require testing for this bacterium include:

• regular heartburn;
• heaviness in the stomach;
• painful sensations, in particular those that disappear after eating;
• the body's rejection of meat food, up to nausea and vomiting.

A laboratory examination is carried out if there is a suspicion of peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, gastritis, or malignant tumors.

It includes four methods:

• ELISA – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to Helicobacter pylori;
• UBT (urea breath tests) – urease breath test;
• PCR – stool test;
• mucosal biopsy with cytology.

What do the tests show?

ELISA: blood test

Shows the presence and concentration of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in the blood. Their appearance is a signal that the immune system has detected the pathogen and has begun to fight it.

Each type of pathogenic microorganism produces its own immunoglobulins. Antibodies to H. pylori appear in the blood from a week to a month after infection and come in three types: IgA, IgG and IgM. They indicate the presence and stage of development of the infection.

PCR: stool analysis

This method is the most reliable; with its help, the DNA of the pathogen is detected in the patient’s stool.

It finds even a negligible amount of bacteria, which helps predict the disease and reveals a tendency to develop gastritis, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer and other pathologies associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.

Breath analysis

To protect against gastric acid, H. pylori bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease. It has the property of splitting urea into two substances - ammonia and carbon dioxide CO2, which is released during respiration and is detected by the urease test.

A breath test for Helicobacter pylori is carried out using a urea solution labeled with carbon isotopes. For children and pregnant women, a less accurate but safe helic test with urea is used.

Cytological analysis

This type of study shows the presence of Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucus. The test is considered positive when at least one bacterium is detected, and depending on the amount of H. pylori, the degree of contamination is determined:

• weak (+) – up to 20 bacteria;
• moderate (++) – 20-40;
• high (+++) – ≥40.

To test for antibodies to H. pylori, blood taken from a vein is used. In a test tube, it is folded using a special gel, which separates the plasma from the formed elements (platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes).

If the H. pylori bacterium is present in the body, the required immunoglobulins are found in the plasma. A blood test for Helicobacter pylori is taken in the morning, on an empty stomach. The day before, you should not eat fatty foods.

Stool analysis requires preparation - for 3 days before it is taken, you should not eat food with a lot of fiber (vegetables, fruits, grains), with dyes and salt.

During this period, it is also prohibited to give an enema, take antibiotics, drugs to enhance peristalsis, and use rectal suppositories.

A breath test for Helicobacter pylori is performed as follows:

• The patient breathes twice into a tube placed deep in the mouth.
• Next, he drinks a test solution of urea labeled with carbon isotopes.
• After 15 minutes, he delivers another 4 portions of exhaled air.
• If the second test shows the appearance of a carbon isotope in the samples, then the result is considered positive.

It is important that no saliva gets into the tube, otherwise the procedure will have to be repeated. 3 days before the urease test, it is forbidden to drink alcohol and foods that provoke gas formation in the intestines (legumes, cabbage, rye bread, apples, etc.).

From 10 pm until the test itself, you should not eat; on the day of the test, you should avoid factors that increase salivation (chewing gum, smoking). You should not drink anything an hour before the test.

Cytological analysis examines smears of gastric mucus taken during fibrogastroduodenoscopy (this is a method of examining the gastrointestinal tract using a probe).

Interpretation of test results for Hilobacter pylori

Deciphering the blood test

When testing blood for Helicobacter pylori, the results depend on the presence or absence of immunoglobulins to the bacterium, as shown in the table below.

Three types of H. pylori antibodies (A, G and M) appear at different stages of infection and help determine how much time has passed since infection.

Breath test

The urease breath test gives a negative or positive result.

If Helicobacter pylori is detected, a quantitative study is carried out using a mass spectrometer. Moreover, depending on the percentage of the carbon isotope in the exhaled air, there are 4 degrees of infection (values ​​are indicated as percentages):

• 1-3.4 – light;
• 3.5-6.4 – average;
• 6.5-9.4 – heavy;
• more than 9.5 – extremely heavy.

Stool analysis

The interpretation of stool and gastric mucus tests is simple: they give either a negative result, when no bacteria are detected, or a positive result.

Norm of analysis

Laboratories conducting blood tests for Helicobacter pylori have their own reference values, or normal values. They are always indicated on the form.

A value below the threshold is regarded as a negative result, and above – as a positive result. For example, for IgG antibodies the following numbers are often used (in U/L):

1. above 1.1 – development of infection;
2. below 0.9 – there is no infection;
3. from 0.9 to 1.1 – questionable values ​​that require additional verification.

More often, infection with Helicobacter pylori poses a risk for the development of peptic ulcers and gastritis, therefore, to accurately diagnose the pathology, along with laboratory tests, the gastroenterologist prescribes other research methods.

Microorganisms Helicobacter pylori, the norm of which should not exceed certain values, live in the stomach and duodenum and cause the development of diseases such as duodenal or stomach ulcers, gastritis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Infection with these bacteria can occur during contact with a carrier, usually through sputum or saliva, so you should not use someone else’s utensils. You can also become infected through dirty water and food. According to medical statistics, about 60% of all people are infected with this bacterium.

After Helicobacter enters the human body, it does not manifest itself for a long time and the person spreads these bacteria without even knowing it, which is why it is so important to do a blood test for Helicobacter pylori. If there is a sick person nearby, then at the household level, about 90-95% of all people who came into contact with him become infected.

Since this is a viral disease, bacteria in the body are activated only when its protective properties are weakened and the immune system cannot fight them. A decrease in immunity can be caused by: colds, poisoning, hormonal changes in the body or nervous shock.

The peculiarity of Helicobacter is that they thrive in an acidic environment, while most other viruses die in such conditions. Often a person is treated for various diseases, and the cause of his ailments is the indicated bacteria, which produce a negative effect on the body, which is why it is so important to donate blood for Helicobacter.

1 What is the danger of infection and when is a test prescribed?

If a person experiences discomfort, pain in the stomach, or disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract, a gastroenterologist or therapist prescribes a test for Helicobacter. It may also be prescribed in cases of weakened immunity, when along with this there is a disturbance in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and there is a predisposition to the development of stomach cancer, it is done to evaluate the treatment being carried out. Testing for Helicobacter is mandatory for people who have gastritis or ulcers of the digestive system.

Before being tested for Helicobacter pylori, a person must refrain from eating food, coffee, tea and alcoholic beverages for at least 8 hours.

Until recently, it was believed that the main causes of development were smoking, alcohol abuse, and poor diet, but it has now been established that most often they arise from the negative effects of Helicobacter, which is why testing for Helicobacter is so important.

Symptoms that these bacteria have settled in your body will be as follows:

• frequent occurrence of nausea, heartburn, belching;
• allergic reactions may occur;
• constipation and diarrhea often occur;
• hair may begin to fall out;
• you started to get full very quickly;
• Meat products are poorly digestible or not tolerated at all;
• There is a constant heaviness in the stomach, and it often hurts.

If the analysis for Helicobacter is carried out on time, this makes it possible to determine their presence and prescribe appropriate treatment.

2 Conducting the survey

If the patient has complaints, a therapist or gastroenterologist may prescribe a blood test for Helicobacter. In addition, reasons that require passing this analysis may be the following:

• weak immunity;
• if a person has a hereditary predisposition to the development of gastrointestinal diseases, including cancer;
• for carrying out preventive diagnostics;
• to check the results of the effectiveness of treatment of helicobacteriosis.

You cannot eat food for 8 hours, you must stop drinking alcohol and smoking, and only then you can take the test. The test determines the amount of proteins produced in the blood. When foreign viruses or microbes enter the body, it begins to fight them. By conducting appropriate research, it becomes possible to determine whether the Helicobacter norm is exceeded or not.

During the test, they are divided into M, G, A. B, and when the test results are deciphered, they are designated as Helocobacter pylori igg, igm, iga. If three of these indicators do not exceed the norm, then it is considered that there is no infection in the human body. Decryption is carried out only by a specialist.

If the igg pylori level is elevated, this means that the body is infected, so such a patient has a high likelihood of developing gastrointestinal diseases. Immediately after treatment, igg pylori does not disappear, so if in such cases an analysis is carried out and the transcript shows that it is positive, then they do not pay attention to this, and a repeat test is carried out after 3-4 weeks.

Igg can be detected in the blood only 20-30 days after infection; if iga and igm are detected during the analysis, this indicates the presence of an inflammatory process on the mucous membrane, and this is an early stage of infection.

If the doctor has doubts, a repeat blood test is prescribed, which includes testing for antibodies to Helicobacter.

3 Breath test

A breath test is an effective way to determine the presence of these bacteria in the body. In this case, the composition of the air that the patient exhales is analyzed, and if there is infection in it, it will be detected. The peculiarity of this method is that it is completely safe, it is carried out during the initial diagnosis and as a control for anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy.

It is better to carry it out in the morning on an empty stomach, and before taking it you need to do the following:

1. For 3 days you should not eat legumes, drink alcohol or chew chewing gum.
2. You cannot use medications, antibiotics and analgesics - the exact list of medications is determined by your attending physician.
3. Before taking the test, you must not eat for 8 hours and do not drink for 1.5 hours.

To carry out the test, a plastic tube is used, the patient breathes into it for several minutes, then a load is introduced - its role is played by a carbide solution. By comparing the air before and after contact with urea, appropriate conclusions are drawn.

The decoding is carried out by the attending physician, and he determines the degree of infection of the body:

• it is normal when the amount of N.R. in the air 1%, while the composition of the air does not change due to the presence of urea;
• if the rate is up to 3.5%, then this is a mild degree;
• 3.5-6.4 - average;
• 6.5-9.4 - heavy;
• more than 9.5 - extremely heavy.

To determine the presence of these bacteria in children, a rapid stool test is performed. It is worth noting that Helicobacter pylori is found quite often in children, especially if there is such a patient in the family. If your child has these symptoms, you should consult a doctor and have a stool test done.

4 Diagnostics by PCR

This is an effective and informative way of research:

1. To analyze for this type of bacteria, feces, saliva, and stomach contents can be used; for this purpose, the polymerase chain reaction method is used.
2. The material is donated so that it is possible to detect the DNA of pathological organisms.
3. Most often, feces are used, which is convenient and safe for the patient.
4. This method is often used to examine children and older people.
5. Stool examination is more effective and informative than bacteriological culture.
6. The maximum result is obtained if such an analysis for Helicobacter pylori is carried out in combination with other analysis methods.
7. Once the bacteria are killed, their DNA can still be identified.
8. The result may be false if there is blood, bile, inorganic salts in the stool, or if the patient is taking antibiotics.

5 Treatment and prevention

There is no consensus on which method of combating Helicobacter is the most effective. This is due to the fact that this type of bacteria is resistant to most antibiotics and is difficult to completely destroy. In addition, not all patients can completely destroy microorganisms.

Another difficulty is that if the patient has previously taken an antibiotic to kill these bacteria, then the next time its effectiveness will be minimal or it will not work at all. When fighting Helicobacter with the help of antibiotics, they destroy not only them, but also the entire microflora, which leads to the development of dysbacteriosis, and allergic reactions can develop.

If the analysis for N.R. positive, then eradication therapy is carried out in the following cases:

• in the presence of an ulcer;
• with the development of atrophic gastritis;
• if stomach cancer was diagnosed and surgery was performed;
• if one of the family members has stomach cancer;
• for MALT lymphoma.

If a person has had indigestion for several years, eradication may be prescribed after a thorough examination to rule out other causes.

In all other cases, the doctor prescribes drugs that regulate acidity; regular split meals are effective. You should not eat very hot or, conversely, cold food, dishes with a lot of spices, fried, salty, spicy foods, alcoholic drinks, carbonated water. You should drink at least 2 liters of liquid per day, and it is better to use decoctions of medicinal herbs.

If you need to go to an important meeting or planned event in the morning, but a pimple pops up, it becomes necessary to get rid of it overnight. Both pharmaceutical preparations and home recipes will help with this. In addition, attention should be paid to products that help significantly reduce inflammation.

What pharmaceutical products will help?

• From clay. Dilute the powder in warm water and apply a thin layer to the face. In the morning, it will be difficult to wash off the mask, so this must be done with warm water using massaging movements.
• From turmeric. Dilute the powder with water to a paste in a small amount. After half an hour, when the mask is completely dry, you can go to bed. In the morning, rinse with cool water.
• From egg white. It is necessary to separate the yolk from the white, foam and apply to the affected areas. Leave it overnight and rinse with warm water in the morning.

How to dry a pimple overnight?

• Medical alcohol. It is quite an aggressive product, so it is not recommended to use it in its pure form - it is diluted with water in a 1:1 ratio. Apply the product to pimples during the day and at night.
• Salicylic-zinc ointment. Has an antiseptic, drying and wound healing effect. Within a couple of hours after application, acne noticeably decreases.
• Infusions of chamomile and celandine. To prepare, you will need 2-3 tablespoons of herbs and a glass of boiling water. The infusion needs to sit for 7-8 hours, after which it can be used. It is recommended to wash your face with the infusion in the morning and before bed.
• . Has a disinfecting effect and prevents the appearance of new acne. The soap is foamed and the resulting thick foam is applied to the face, kept for about 10 minutes, then washed off. The procedure is carried out before bedtime.
• Sugar-salt lotion. Mix 1 large spoonful of salt and sugar and add water. For quick relief, apply the lotion 5-6 times during the evening, and also wipe your face before going to bed.
• Iodine. Iodine can dry out a pimple in the shortest possible time, but it must be used carefully so as not to cause a burn. At night, it is recommended to apply an alcoholic iodine tincture rather than pure iodine.