Childhood vaccination calendar. Update of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations of the Russian Federation

With the birth of a child, parents not only have reasons to rejoice, but also worries about the health and proper development of the baby. Moms and dads should take care to protect their baby from infections. Childhood vaccination comes to the rescue, which is a barrier against infectious diseases.

Although vaccination has many positive aspects, many fathers and mothers refuse it, fearing the occurrence of unpleasant symptoms after administration of the drug. Due to this Russian department health was approved mandatory schedule vaccinations, deviation from which can affect the baby’s health.

Why are preventive vaccinations needed?

Vaccination (inoculation) is the administration of a drug that promotes the development of immunity to a specific disease. That is, getting vaccinated means introducing a small amount of the pathogen or its weakened form into the body.

As a result of such manipulation, the body begins to fight, and immunity is developed. If a person subsequently falls ill, then thanks to vaccination the disease will progress in mild form, and recovery will come very quickly.

Parents are wondering whether their children need vaccinations. In order to convince them of the need for vaccination, we will consider a list of the positive aspects of vaccination. So, vaccinations:

• provide children with protection from diseases and their negative consequences(timely vaccination helps the body develop artificial immunity to the disease);
• can not only stop, but also prevent a massive epidemic.

It is better to do vaccinations during a period when it is warm outside and the risk of catching a cold is not as high as in the fall or winter. That is why doctors recommend that children be vaccinated in the last month of spring, summer or early autumn.

Types of childhood vaccinations

A vaccine is a preparation of biological origin, thanks to which human body capable of fighting various infectious diseases. For grafting, both domestic and imported vaccine. The following types are distinguished:

• live (contain the virus, but in a greatly weakened form);
• inactivated (“killed”) are obtained by thermal or chemical treatment living microorganisms;
• toxoids contain poison (inactivated toxin), which is produced by special bacteria;
• biosynthetic (obtained using genetic engineering).

As mentioned earlier, the introduction of a vaccine into the body is called vaccination. It comes in several types:

• mandatory (planned) and carried out according to epidemic indications;
• single and multiple.

Planned and for epidemic indications

Let's look at the following types of grafting in more detail:

• planned;
• according to epidemic indications.

Routine vaccination carried out in each region Russian Federation. The national calendar of preventive vaccinations contains information about the age of patients, time intervals between injections, their order and quantity. The vaccination schedule lists 11 diseases for which injections are given. The list includes: hepatitis B, tuberculosis, pneumococcal infection, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hemophilus influenzae, polio, rubella, measles, mumps.

Vaccination according to epidemic indications is carried out for residents of those regions where a particular infection has spread. These zones are established by the Russian Ministry of Health. Preventive vaccination is also carried out in the presence of a threat of an unfavorable epidemic situation or when a person comes into contact with a source of infection through an injured area of ​​skin.

Single and multiple

You can select following types vaccinations:

• one-time;
• multiple.

The multiplicity indicates the number of vaccinations against a particular disease that the baby needs to receive to develop immunity.

It is worth taking into account the fact that if you have started multiple vaccinations of your child, it is not recommended to interrupt the regimen. It is necessary to reach the end, otherwise negative consequences may arise.

This primarily concerns vaccinations to combat diphtheria. An insufficient amount of the drug received by a child may cause the body to respond with a severe reaction when encountering a pathogen instead of developing immunity ( toxic form diphtheria). This is much more dangerous than a common disease.

What is revaccination?

Revaccination involves repeated vaccination, which strengthens (extends) previously formed immunity. Repeated vaccinations are necessary to ensure that the immune system is strong and can resist pathogens of infectious diseases.

After repeated administration of the drug, no special reactions from the body are observed in children. The process proceeds easily, without changes in the child’s behavior. The only unpleasant moment is microtrauma at the injection site. It can appear in the form of a bruise, hematoma or swelling and remind you of itself throughout the week - subsequently the unpleasant sensations will disappear.

How many revaccinations there should be depends on which vaccine is given. The number of additional vaccinations can be up to 7 injections. In some cases they are not needed at all.

Schedule and list of preventive vaccinations for children in Russia

To children's body worked out strong immunity, you must complete a full course of vaccination, which may include up to 3 injections. In the future, the child will need to receive additional injections that will prevent the immune system from weakening.

All information about immunoprophylaxis (timing, name and required number of injections) is contained in national chart, which is created for children from 0 to 14 years old. It is approved by the Russian Ministry of Health. The vaccination calendar contains all preventive procedures performed for children. Each of them corresponds to a certain age of the child. With its help, parents will be able to find out what vaccinations are given to children at 6 years old, and whether children are vaccinated at 10 and 15 years old. To do this, just look at the vaccination calendar.

According to the national vaccination calendar, every child must undergo preventive vaccination from such dangerous diseases as:

• Hepatitis B;
• tuberculosis;
• whooping cough;
• diphtheria;
• tetanus;
• polio;
• Pneumococcus;
• measles;
• rubella;
• mumps;
• hemophilus infection.

IN imported analogues vaccines for polio, whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus may contain a Hib component for meningitis and diseases inflammatory in nature. Vaccines against mumps, measles and rubella are often combined into a single drug (imported analogue). At the same time, the quality and effect are not reduced. Vaccination of children against polio is carried out separately in the form of drops or an injection in the shoulder.

Information about each vaccination is entered into personal card baby, is transmitted to educational establishments so that the child can go to kindergarten or school without any problems. In order to attend other children's institutions (camps, sections), information about vaccinations is also important.

All vaccinations must be carried out within the time frames regulated by the vaccination calendar. If the schedule is violated, it is possible to administer different vaccines at one time, but in different areas bodies and from different syringes. Each subsequent vaccination is given no earlier than 4 weeks later.

Summary table with vaccination schedule by age

Let's look at the vaccination schedule for children of all ages in a summary table that will tell parents when and what kind of vaccination their child needs to get:

In the maternity hospital

The baby receives his first vaccination after birth in maternity hospital:

1. A newborn is given a vaccine that should teach his body to fight hepatitis B. This preventive procedure is carried out in the first 24 hours of the baby’s life. The injection site is the thigh.
2. In the first week of life, the baby is also vaccinated against tuberculosis. Injection site - left shoulder(its upper third).

From birth to one year

As stated above, in the first week after birth, the baby in the maternity hospital is given an injection against tuberculosis and hepatitis B. The remaining vaccinations are carried out according to the following plan (by month):

• 1st month - repeated vaccination against hepatitis B;
• 2nd month - first vaccination against pneumococcal infection;
• 3rd month - first vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio (DSPT);
• 4.5 months - reintroduction DSCP vaccines;
• 6 months - the third from DSCP and hepatitis B, the first - from Haemophilus influenzae infection;
• 12 months - vaccination of children against mumps, measles and rubella, if necessary - Mantoux test.

After 1 year

After a year, children are given vaccinations infrequently, since most of them have already been completed. The vaccination schedule is presented as follows:

• at 1 year and 3 months - revaccination against pneumococcus;
• at one and a half years - the 4th injection of the DSCP vaccine;
• at 2 years old - polio vaccine.

Before admission to kindergarten

Numerous studies have shown that viral diseases are most quickly transmitted to kindergarten when children communicate closely with each other. To prevent serious diseases, all children must receive mandatory vaccinations prescribed for their age category. Parents, when sending their children to kindergarten, must provide documents confirming the fact of their vaccination.

Besides mandatory vaccinations There are optional ones, which are also recommended to be done before the child enters kindergarten. These include vaccinations against:

• influenza (the vaccine is administered annually);
• meningitis (vaccination is carried out no earlier than at the age of 18 months).

At school

Children are vaccinated not only in maternity hospitals and kindergartens, but also at school. The difference is that repeated vaccination is carried out, since the bulk of the vaccinations have already been done, and the formed immunity must be strengthened. Vaccination (re-vaccination) schedule:

• at 6-7 years old - from rubella, measles, mumps; diphtheria, tetanus; tuberculosis;
• in 13 - from hepatitis B, measles, rubella (provided that vaccination was not previously carried out);
• at 14 - from diphtheria, polio, tetanus.

Can parents refuse vaccination?

Moms and dads have every right not to vaccinate their child - they just need to sign the necessary documents.

No one should ask parents about the reasons for their refusal or force them to vaccinate their child. The right that allows parents to refuse vaccination of a child is enshrined in Art. 5 of the Federal Law of September 17, 1998 No. 157-FN. At the same time, they do not have the right not to accept the child into kindergarten or school.

Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and who do not have information about vaccinations against measles; adults from 36 to 55 years (inclusive), belonging to risk groups (employees of medical and educational organizations, trade organizations, transport, utilities and social sphere; persons working on a rotational basis and government employees control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, without information about measles vaccinations

Children from 6 months, students in grades 1-11;

students studying in professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education;

adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities);

pregnant women;

adults over 60 years of age;

persons subject to conscription for military service;

persons with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity

*(1) The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after the 1st vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to risk groups, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months from the start of vaccination, 3rd dose - 12 months from the start of vaccination).

*(2) Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for gentle primary vaccination (BCG-M); in constituent entities of the Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients around the newborn - the vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG).

*(3) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (born from mothers of HBsAg carriers, patients with viral hepatitis B or those who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for hepatitis B markers, who consume narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis).

*(4) The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).

*(5) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with diseases nervous system, immunodeficiency states or anatomical defects leading to severe increased danger hemophilus influenzae disease; with intestinal development abnormalities; with cancer and/or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; children born to mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV infection; premature and low birth weight babies; children in orphanages).

*(6) The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children belonging to risk groups (with diseases of the nervous system, immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of contracting hemophilus influenzae infection; with intestinal abnormalities; with cancer and/or receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born to mothers with HIV -infection; children with HIV infection; premature and low birth weight children; children in orphanages) - vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).

*(6.1) Vaccination and revaccination for children belonging to risk groups can be carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, containing combinations of vaccines intended for use in appropriate age periods.

*(7) The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens.

*(8) Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (BCG).

*(9) Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after start of vaccination).

*(10) The interval between the first and second vaccinations must be at least 3 months.

The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens within the framework of national calendar preventive vaccinations

With changes and additions from:

1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of work (services) on vaccination (carrying out preventive vaccinations).

2. Vaccination is carried out medical workers who have undergone training on the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the organization of vaccination, vaccination techniques, as well as on the provision of medical care in an emergency or urgent manner.

3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use.

In cases provided for by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, vaccination and revaccination with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases containing combinations of vaccines are allowed.

4. Before carrying out preventive vaccination, the person to be vaccinated or his legal representative explains the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusal to undergo preventive vaccination, and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation".

5. All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor (paramedic).

6. If the timing of vaccination changes, it is carried out according to the schemes provided for in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases. It is allowed to administer vaccines (except for vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis), used within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body.

7. Vaccination of children for whom immunoprophylaxis against pneumococcal infection was not started in the first 6 months of life is carried out twice with an interval between vaccinations of at least 2 months.

8. Vaccination of children born to mothers with HIV infection is carried out within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprevention of infectious diseases. When vaccinating such children, the following are taken into account: the child’s HIV status, the type of vaccine, indicators of immune status, the child’s age, and concomitant diseases.

9. Revaccination of children against tuberculosis born from mothers with HIV infection and who received three-stage chemoprophylaxis for mother-to-child transmission of HIV (during pregnancy, childbirth and the neonatal period) is carried out in the maternity hospital with vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis (for gentle primary vaccination). In children with HIV infection, as well as when HIV nucleic acids are detected in children by molecular methods, revaccination against tuberculosis is not carried out.

10. Vaccination with live vaccines within the framework of the national schedule of preventive vaccinations (with the exception of vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis) is carried out for children with HIV infection with immune categories 1 and 2 (no immunodeficiency or moderate immunodeficiency).

11. If the diagnosis of HIV infection is excluded, children born to mothers with HIV infection are vaccinated with live vaccines without a preliminary immunological examination.

12. Toxoids, killed and recombinant vaccines are administered to all children born to mothers with HIV infection as part of the national schedule of preventive vaccinations. For children with HIV infection, the specified immunobiological medications for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases are administered in the absence of pronounced and severe immunodeficiency.

13. When vaccinating the population, vaccines containing antigens relevant to the Russian Federation are used to ensure maximum effectiveness of immunization.

14. When vaccinating against hepatitis B in children of the first year of life, against influenza in children from 6 months of age studying in general education organizations, pregnant women are given vaccines that do not contain preservatives.

* Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; N 26, art. 3446; 2013, N 27, art. 3459; N 27, art. 3477; N 30, art. 4038; N 39, art. 4883; N 48, art. 6165; N 52, Art. 6951.

** Order of the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 N 252n “On approval of the Procedure for assigning a supervisor to a paramedic, midwife medical organization when organizing the provision of primary care health care and emergency medical care of the individual functions of the attending physician for the direct provision of medical care to the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including the prescription and use of medications, including narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 28 2012, registration number N 23971).

Each country uses its own national vaccination schedule, which is adopted by the Ministry of Health. A table of mandatory vaccinations is compiled. Vaccination is the most effective and cost-effective means of protection against infectious diseases known to modern medicine. Mandatory vaccinations will protect children from many diseases.

What is regulated by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations

The calendar of preventive vaccinations indicates when this or that vaccination should be carried out, revaccination according to plan, and the timing of vaccinations. There are some features of adding vaccines to calendars, establishing the timing and schedule of each individual vaccination. These include:

1. Degree of morbidity.
2. How severe is the disease?
3. Risks of spread.
4. Age indicator for the formation of immunity.
5. Are there any contraindications to vaccinations?
6. A number of side effects.
7. Influence of antibodies from mother.
8. Risk of complications.
9. Availability of vaccines.

Each state has its own vaccination calendar. The Russian national calendar of preventive vaccinations provides mandatory vaccination against tuberculosis in both adults and children after birth.

In this case, on the contrary, vaccination against hemophilia is not carried out.

Vaccination against tuberculosis is mandatory in our country, as the incidence rate is very high. But vaccination against hemophilia is not done, because the vaccine is not produced in our country. For example, in the United States, in addition to other vaccinations, they also vaccinate against chickenpox.

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Every person should receive vaccinations, especially important for children.

In the Russian Federation, 2002 was the year of introduction of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations. After this, the preventive vaccination plan was slightly modified and certain additions were made. For example, the first vaccination against hepatitis B is now carried out no later than 24 hours after the birth of a child. Children who are not vaccinated for one reason or another immediately after birth are vaccinated after the age of 13. In addition, the updated national calendar for preventive vaccinations included rubella vaccination, mandatory for girls at 13 years of age. Not all regions have an established schedule of vaccinations; some regions can independently change vaccinations according to the plan, that is, they have the right to adjust the calendar of preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications.

1. Type of vaccines.
2. Do you have an immunodeficiency?
3. Age indicator of the child.
4. Do you have any other diseases?

It doesn't matter what stage of HIV disease you have. Toxoids are administered to everyone mandatory. Live vaccine administered to newborns whose diagnosis is confirmed. The live vaccine is not indicated if immunodeficiency is diagnosed. Six months after vaccination with live vaccines, those infected must be tested, and the level of specific antibodies must be assessed. If antibodies are not detected, a second vaccination can be carried out, monitoring the state of the immune system.

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Should I get vaccinated?

Why is it necessary to get vaccinated? Moreover, should newborn children be vaccinated? Is it worth observing the vaccination dates stipulated in the preventive vaccination calendar? To begin with, it should be said that any child must be protected from dangerous diseases immediately after he was born. Timely vaccinated children acquire immunity to infectious diseases. Artificial immunity protects the baby from the disease itself and from the complications it can cause. In addition, vaccination prevents the development of the epidemic and prevents it.

When vaccinating babies up to one year old, it is recommended to follow certain rules, deadlines, and schedules. In no case is it permissible to vaccinate a baby who is sick during the vaccination period or has just been ill. In this case, the pediatrician adjusts the schedule independently.

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations provides a schedule, and as mentioned above, it is clearly prescribed by law. After birth, on the first day of life, the child receives 2 vaccinations at once. First BCG vaccination carried out by injecting the drug into the arm above elbow joint, and the first of three hepatitis B vaccinations is given in any muscle. The second vaccination against hepatitis B is given at 3 months and the third at 6 months. The DTP schedule includes three vaccinations. Vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella are given annually. Timely vaccinations will help protect your child from dangerous diseases and their consequences.

Not so long ago, about ten years ago, no one could even think that it was possible to refuse the required vaccinations, because the vaccine provided protection against viruses circulating everywhere. The risks of contracting not only an ordinary infection, but also a dangerous incurable disease leading to irreversible consequences were great. Nowadays, such outbreaks do not occur precisely because the population was vaccinated without the right to choose whether to vaccinate or not. Today people are accustomed to thinking that the disease will not affect them, that vaccination makes no sense.

People today underestimate the importance of vaccinations. But it is necessary to realize that viruses have not gone away; they can appear nearby quite unexpectedly.

For example, friends were vacationing in African countries or a passenger on regular transport carries a dangerous infection “brought” from GOA. Or, finally, a neighbor arrived after another “vacation” in places not so remote, and not alone, but with tuberculosis in a couple.

And if you remember the children's towns in our yards, where you can meet not only cheerful children, but also stray animals that are carriers the most dangerous infections. We go for a walk with our baby and don’t always wipe his hands, and it’s simply unrealistic to completely disinfect the playground.

The baby puts sand in his mouth, grabs onto structures “marked” by dogs, and as a result of all this, infection can occur.

There is another myth according to which it is believed that those children who are breastfed acquire the strongest immunity from their mother. This is not entirely true. Yes, breastfeeding is undoubtedly beneficial, but it will not be able to protect the baby from diseases such as polio, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, mumps and others that are no less dangerous.

There are no guarantees, so exposing a baby to such unjustified risks is simply cynical. The only right decision: put aside any prejudices and, following the rules of vaccination, vaccinate your child.

The timing of each vaccination is provided for in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations.

Many vaccines are not included in the Russian national vaccination calendar. Why are they needed and who are they shown to?

The national vaccination calendar provides not only that the vaccines included in it must be given to everyone, but also guarantees from the state that every citizen can receive them for free. In addition, there are many vaccines that are used when indicated. Let's consider those that are most often used in children.

Chickenpox

In Russia, it is traditionally believed that you have to get chickenpox in childhood. This happens to the vast majority of children, because the contagiousness of this disease reaches one hundred percent. But few people know that after recovery, the chickenpox virus does not disappear from the body, but remains dormant in the nerve roots spinal cord. Subsequently, in many people, the dormant virus is activated when immunity decreases and causes a very unpleasant painful disease known as “shingles.”

In most cases, chickenpox in children is mild. The mortality rate from it in people aged 1 to 14 years does not exceed two cases per hundred thousand cases. But adults suffer more, the mortality rate among them already reaches 6/100,000, and the number of complications and severity of the disease is much higher. In newborns, chickenpox is especially severe, the mortality rate reaches 30% and the risk of complications is high.

Complications of chickenpox may include viral pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and, much more often, bacterial infections skin that appears at the site of scratched blisters.

Chickenpox is also dangerous for pregnant women - the virus can cause miscarriage and complications for the fetus. With a 1–2% chance, if the mother is infected in the first trimester, the child may be born with shortened fingers, congenital cataract, underdeveloped brain and other problems. It is also possible to develop intrauterine infection with the varicella zoster virus, and after birth the baby may develop signs of “shingles.”

Chickenpox is especially dangerous among people with severely reduced immunity. These include: HIV carriers, children with blood diseases (leukemia, leukemia), children and adults after a course of anti-cancer chemotherapy, people with a removed spleen.

These are all the reasons why chicken pox They are already being vaccinated in many countries, including the USA and Europe. Based on this, it is advisable to vaccinate against chickenpox the following people:

- children from families in which parents plan next pregnancy, provided that the mother did not have chickenpox in childhood;
- women planning pregnancy and have not had chickenpox, 3 months before the expected date of conception;
- in families where there are patients after chemotherapy or HIV carriers;
- people who have not had chickenpox and are in contact with patients of the listed groups;
- all adults who did not have chickenpox in childhood;
- For emergency prevention chickenpox after contact with a sick person: the vaccine administered within 72 hours can prevent the development of the disease.

Two vaccines are registered in Russia: Okavax and Varilrix. Age of use: from 1 year. For children from 1 to 13 years old, one dose of the vaccine is enough; for adults, to achieve lasting immunity, it is advisable to administer two doses with an interval of 6–10 weeks.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection

This infection is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b. It is quite widespread among people and only in some cases causes disease. Newborns are primarily susceptible to infection; children over 5 years of age and adults do not develop the disease.

Haemophilus influenzae is transmitted from person to person by airborne droplets. This is one of the causes of meningitis in young children, with a mortality rate of 3–6%. Those who recover often experience permanent brain and nerve damage. Another dangerous option for the development of hemophilus influenzae infection is epiglottitis - swelling of the larynx, leading to suffocation.

The development of vaccination against hemophilus influenzae in the early 90s made it possible to reduce the incidence and frequency of complications several times. The recommended age for first vaccination is 2 months.

Several vaccines against hemophilus influenzae are registered in Russia: Act-Hib, Hiberix, and it is also part of combination vaccines Pentaxim and Infanrix-hexa.

Meningococcal infection

Meningococcus is one of the main causative agents of epidemic meningitis in children and adults. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. The meningococcal vaccine is not included in the national calendar, but it is necessary in the event of an epidemic or in contact with a sick person to prevent secondary cases. If a child gets sick in a kindergarten, school or at a neighbor’s entrance meningococcal meningitis, then it is advisable to use this vaccine for prevention.

The vaccine will also be useful for those people who travel to hot countries, especially Africa and India. Meningococcus occurs quite often there and the likelihood of getting sick is much higher than at home.

One vaccine is registered in Russia: Meningo A+S. It is suitable for children over 18 months and adults. Repeated vaccination is not required, immunity is formed after 5 days and reaches a maximum by 10 days. Immunity lasts about 3 years.

Pneumococcus

Pneumococcus is a nonspecific bacteria that can cause the most various diseases. Among them, the most common are pneumococcal pneumonia, bronchitis, acute otitis media(ear inflammation) and meningitis. This bacterium can live in the human nasopharynx without causing any symptoms, and only manifests itself when the immune system is weakened. The percentage of pneumococcal carriers in groups can reach up to 70%.

In young children, pneumococcus is especially likely to cause otitis media. Almost all children under 5 years of age experience this disease at least once; it is common cause hearing loss.

Vaccination against pneumococcus is not indicated for everyone, but only for people at risk, which include seriously ill and frequently ill children. Vaccination can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections by 2 times and reduce the number of pneumonia by 6 times.

One vaccine is registered in Russia: Pneumo-23. It is intended for children from 2 years of age and adults, the course consists of one vaccine. Duration of immunity is 3–5 years.

Human papillomavirus

It is recommended to vaccinate girls from the age of 9 against this far from childhood infection. Why is this necessary?
Human papillomavirus is one of the most common sexually transmitted viruses. There are about 40 types of it. Most of them do not cause any symptoms and go away on their own, some may cause genital warts. But most importantly, certain types of viruses have been proven to cause cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of death cancer among women all over the world. It can take ten or more years from the moment of infection with the virus to the first manifestations. The main route of transmission is through sexual contact. If the mother is infected with the virus, she can pass it on to the child during childbirth, and then the newborn develops condylomas of the upper respiratory tract. There is no cure for human papillomavirus infection. However, it can be effectively prevented through vaccination.

The HPV vaccine has long been used in many countries, including the United States and some European countries. It contains an inactivated (weakened) virus, which by itself cannot cause the disease. The 4 most widespread types of the virus were selected for the vaccine, two of which are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases, and the other two for 90% of genital warts. It is assumed that protective immunity must last a lifetime.

Thus, the vaccine theoretically protects against cervical cancer with a probability of about 70%. Therefore, vaccination does not cancel preventive examinations gynecologist and screening tests for cancer, since the possibility still remains. It is the mass and “population” of vaccinations that will help prevent the majority (70% or more) of cases of cervical cancer.

For maximum effectiveness of the vaccine, it must be administered to girls before their first sexual contact, that is, before the first possible encounter with the virus. If the vaccine is administered after infection with the virus, it will not be effective for of this type, but is effective against types that the body has not yet encountered. This is why doctors recommend starting vaccinations at age 11 or earlier. After the age of 26 years, the vaccine is not used for universal immunization.

Two vaccines are registered in Russia:
"Gardasil" - contains components against four types of virus: 6, 11 (condylomas), 16 and 18 (cancer).
"Cervarix" - contains components against two types of viruses responsible for the development of cancer: 16 and 18.

To develop lasting immunity, you must complete a course of three intramuscular injections: on the first day, after two months and after 6 months. A shortened course is possible: repeated doses are administered after 1 and 3 months. If the third dose is missed, it can be given without loss of effectiveness for up to a year after the first.

What to choose?

What vaccines are suitable and necessary for you and your child personally? Your doctor will help you figure this out. One thing is clear: you should not neglect the opportunity to prevent the disease, because complications of childhood diseases can manifest themselves and be reflected in the future. On the other hand, for consultation it is best to choose a competent specialist who has relevant knowledge from the experience of world medicine.

The 2018 schedule of vaccinations for children (preventive vaccination calendar) in Russia provides for the protection of children and infants up to one year old from the most dangerous diseases. Some vaccinations for children are performed directly in the maternity hospital, others can be done at the district clinic in accordance with the vaccination schedule.

Vaccination calendar

Basic vaccinations up to one year

The general table of vaccinations by age from birth to 14 years assumes the organization of maximum protection of the child’s body from infancy and support of immunity in adolescence. At 12-14 years of age, routine revaccination of polio, measles, rubella, and mumps is carried out. Measles, rubella and mumps can be combined into one vaccine without compromising quality. Vaccination against polio is performed separately, with a live vaccine in drops or inactivated with an injection in the shoulder.

1. . The first vaccination is carried out in the maternity hospital. This is followed by revaccination at 1 month and at 6 months.
2. Tuberculosis. The vaccination is usually performed in the maternity hospital in the first week of the child's life. Subsequent revaccinations are carried out in preparation for school and in high school.
3. DTP or analogues. Combined vaccine to protect infants from whooping cough and diphtheria. Imported analogues of the vaccine add a Hib component to protect against inflammatory infections and meningitis. The first vaccination is performed at 3 months, then according to the vaccination schedule depending on the chosen vaccine.
4. Haemophilus influenzae infection or Hib component. May be part of a vaccine or performed separately.
5. Polio. Infants are vaccinated at 3 months. Repeated vaccination at 4 and 6 months.
6. At 12 months, children undergo a routine vaccination against.

The first year of a child's life requires maximum protection. Vaccinations minimize the risk of infant mortality by causing the baby's body to produce antibodies to bacterial and viral infections.

A child's own immunity up to one year is too weak to resist dangerous diseases; innate immunity weakens by about 3-6 months. The baby can receive a certain amount of antibodies from mother's milk, but to counteract it really dangerous diseases This is not enough. It is at this time that it is necessary to strengthen the child’s immunity with timely vaccination. The standard vaccination schedule for children is designed taking into account all possible risks and it is advisable to follow it.

After a series of vaccinations, the child may develop a fever. Be sure to include paracetamol in your child's first aid kit to reduce fever. Heat indicates the functioning of the body’s defense systems, but does not in any way affect the efficiency of antibody production. The temperature must be brought down immediately. Can be used for infants up to 6 months rectal suppositories with paracetamol. Older children can take antipyretic syrup. Paracetamol has maximum effectiveness, but in some cases and with individual characteristics, does not work. In this case, you need to use a children's antipyretic with another active substance.

Do not limit your child’s drinking after vaccination; take with you a convenient bottle of water or baby soothing tea.

Vaccinations before kindergarten

In kindergarten, a child is in contact with a significant number of other children. It has been proven that it is in children's environments that viruses and bacterial infections spread at maximum speed. To prevent the spread of dangerous diseases, it is necessary to complete vaccinations according to age and provide documentary evidence of vaccinations.

• Flu vaccination. Performed annually, it significantly reduces the likelihood of contracting the flu in the autumn-winter period.
• Vaccination against pneumococcal infection. Performed once, the vaccination must be completed at least a month before visiting a child care facility.
• Vaccination against viral meningitis. Performed from 18 months.
• Vaccination against hemophilus influenzae infection. From 18 months, with weakened immunity, vaccination is possible from 6 months.

The vaccination schedule for children is usually developed by an infectious disease specialist. In good children's vaccination centers, it is mandatory to examine children on the day of vaccination to identify contraindications. It is not advisable to vaccinate elevated temperature and exacerbation chronic diseases, diathesis, herpes.

Vaccination in paid centers does not reduce some of the pain associated with adsorbed vaccines, but more complete kits can be selected to provide protection against more diseases for 1 injection. The choice of combination vaccines provides maximum protection with minimal injury. This applies to vaccines such as Pentaxim, DTP and the like. IN public clinics such a choice is often not possible due to the high cost of multivalent vaccines.

Restoring the vaccination schedule

In case of violations of standard vaccination periods, you can create your own individual vaccination schedule on the recommendation of an infectious disease specialist. The characteristics of vaccines and standard vaccination or emergency vaccination schedules are taken into account.

For hepatitis B, the standard regimen is 0-1-6. This means that after the first vaccination, the second follows a month later, followed by a revaccination six months later.

Vaccinations for children with immune diseases and HIV are carried out exclusively inactivated vaccines or recombinant drugs with replacement of pathogenic protein.

Why do you need to have mandatory vaccinations based on age?

An unvaccinated child who is constantly among vaccinated children most likely will not get sick precisely because of herd immunity. The virus simply does not have sufficient quantity carriers for spread and further epidemiological infection. But is it really ethical to use the immunity of other children to protect your own child? Yes, your child will not be pricked with a medical needle, he will not experience discomfort after vaccination, fever, weakness, and will not whine and cry, unlike other children after vaccination. But when in contact with unvaccinated children, for example, from countries without mandatory vaccination, it is the unvaccinated child who is at maximum risk and can get sick.

The immune system does not become stronger by developing “naturally” and infant mortality rates are clear confirmation of this fact. Modern medicine cannot counteract viruses with absolutely nothing except prevention and vaccinations, which build the body’s resistance to infection and disease. Only the symptoms and consequences of viral diseases are treated.

In general, only vaccination is effective against viruses. Follow necessary vaccinations by age to preserve the health of your family. Vaccination of adults is also desirable, especially with an active lifestyle and contact with people.

Can vaccines be combined?

Some clinics practice simultaneous vaccination against polio and DTP. In fact, this practice is not advisable, especially when using live polio vaccine. The decision on a possible combination of vaccines can only be made by an infectious disease specialist.

What is revaccination

Revaccination is the repeated administration of a vaccine to maintain the level of antibodies to a disease in the blood and to strengthen the immune system. Typically, revaccination is easy and without any special reactions from the body. The only thing that may worry you is microtrauma at the site of vaccine administration. Together with the active substance of the vaccine, about 0.5 ml of an adsorbent substance is injected, which holds the vaccine inside the muscle. Unpleasant sensations from microtrauma are possible within a week.

The need to introduce an additional substance is due to the effect of most vaccines. Need to active ingredients entered the blood gradually and evenly over a long period of time. This is necessary for the formation of correct and stable immunity. A slight bruise, hematoma, or swelling is possible at the site of vaccine administration. This is normal for any intramuscular injections.

How immunity is formed

The formation of natural immunity occurs as a result of viral disease and the production of appropriate antibodies in the body that contribute to resistance to infection. Immunity is not always developed after a single illness. Developing lasting immunity may require repeated illness or a successive round of vaccinations. After an illness, the immune system can be greatly weakened and various complications arise, often more dangerous than the disease itself. Most often these are pneumonia, meningitis, otitis, for the treatment of which strong antibiotics must be used.

Infants are protected by maternal immunity, receiving antibodies through breast milk. It does not matter whether maternal immunity is developed through vaccinations or has a “natural” basis. But against the most dangerous diseases, which form the basis of child and infant mortality, early vaccination is necessary. Hib infection, whooping cough, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus should be excluded from the dangers to the life of a child in the first year of life. Vaccinations form complete immunity against most infections that are fatal to an infant without illness.

Creating the “natural” immunity advocated by environmentalists takes too long and can be life-threatening. Vaccination promotes the safest formation of full immunity.

The vaccination calendar is formed taking into account age requirements and the characteristics of the vaccines. It is advisable to adhere to the medically prescribed time intervals between vaccinations for the full formation of immunity.

Voluntariness of vaccinations

In Russia, it is possible to refuse vaccination; for this you need to sign the appropriate documents. No one will be interested in the reasons for refusal and force children to be vaccinated. There may be legal restrictions on refusals. There are a number of professions for which vaccinations are mandatory and refusal to vaccinate may be considered as unsuitability. Teachers, employees of children's institutions, doctors and livestock breeders, veterinarians must be vaccinated to avoid becoming a source of infection.

You also cannot refuse vaccinations during epidemics or when visiting areas declared a disaster zone due to an epidemic. The list of diseases in the event of epidemics of which vaccination or even urgent vaccination is carried out without a person’s consent is enshrined in law. First of all, these are natural or black smallpox and tuberculosis. In the 80s of the 20th century, vaccination against smallpox. The complete disappearance of the pathogen and the absence of foci of infection were assumed. However, at least 3 focal outbreaks of the disease have occurred in Siberia and China since the refusal of vaccination. It may make sense to vaccinate against smallpox in private clinic. Smallpox vaccines must be ordered separately. Vaccination against black pox is mandatory for livestock farmers.

Conclusion

All doctors recommend, if possible, following a standard vaccination schedule for children and maintaining immunity with timely vaccinations for adults. Lately people have become more attentive to their health and are visiting vaccination centers with the whole family. Especially before joint trips or travels. Vaccinations and developed active immunity