Plague of small ruminants, specific prevention and control measures. Attention
Plague of small ruminants
Plague of small ruminants(pseudoplague of cattle) viral disease sheep and goats, occurs acutely and subacutely, characterized by necrotizing stomatitis and catarrhal-hemorrhagic lesions of the intestines and lymphoid system.
diseases.Clinical signs . Plague in sheep and goats is acute and subacute. Incubation period - from 6 to 15 days, depending on the dose and virulence of the virus. At acute course the disease begins with an increase in body temperature to 41-41.5°C and anxiety in animals. Then the oppression is celebrated general condition , deterioration or lack of appetite. The nasal mucosa becomes dry, the fur becomes dull, and the mucous membranes become inflamed. In the zone of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, zones of hyperemia first appear, then foci of necrosis, in place of which ulcers form. Nasal discharge and oral cavity first mucous-serous, then purulent with a putrid and ichorous odor. Breathing is difficult, signs of pneumonia appear. On the 5th - 10th day of illness, animals usually die. In the subacute course, the disease develops more slowly and the first signs appear only on the 5th - 10th day in the form of fever, mild depression and serous discharge from the nasal and oral cavities. On the 15-18th day, the fever reaches its apogee, signs of pneumonia and damage to the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea) appear. At fatal outcome These signs progress, dehydration sets in, and the animal dies 2-3 weeks after the onset of the disease. At initial appearance plague of ruminants in previously free zones, the destruction of all susceptible livestock is carried out. The diagnosis is made comprehensively based on clinical, pathological, epidemiological data and results.
laboratory research Owners of small livestockimmediately notify the state veterinary service of all cases of disease, death, or forced slaughter of animals; import, export, movement of livestock; purchase feed only if you have accompanying veterinary documents; maintain livestock premises in satisfactory sanitary condition; slaughter animals for meat only after a clinical examination of the animal veterinary specialist; Milk may be sold only with a veterinary certificate.
Plague of small ruminants (pseudoplague of cattle) is an acute and subacute disease of sheep and goats, characterized by ulcerative necrotizing stomatitis, catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation of the intestines and damage to the lymphoid system.
Etiology. The causative agent is an RNA virus belonging to the paramyxovirus family, the genus Merbili viruses.
Epizootology. Peste des petits ruminants was first registered and is currently enzootic in African countries (Nigeria, Senegal, Coast Ivory). Sheep and goats are susceptible to the virus. The routes of transmission of the pathogen have not been studied. It is assumed that the virus can be transmitted aerogenously or alimentarily, through direct contact or through contaminated feed, water, care items, etc.
Pathogenesis has been poorly studied. Having penetrated the body, the virus causes destruction of epithelial cells respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and lymphoid organs. As a result of the breakdown of these cells, a large number of biologically active substances such as serotonin, histamine, lymphotoken, which lead to impaired vascular permeability, the occurrence of hemorrhages, inflammatory and necrodystrophic processes in organs and tissues. The severity of damage to these organs correlates with the degree of manifestation clinical symptoms.
Symptoms of the disease. The course of the disease is acute and subacute. In acute cases, animals experience fever (41-41.4 °C), anxiety, then depression, decreased or lack of appetite, dry nasal mucosa, inflammation, erosion, ulcers on the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, mucopurulent with an ichorous odor discharge from the latter, difficulty breathing, signs of pneumonia, and on the 8-10th day of illness the death of the animal occurs. In the subacute form, intermittent fever, depression, serous discharge from the nasal and oral cavities, signs of pneumonia, diarrhea, and dehydration are observed. If the outcome is favorable, the animals gradually recover, severe cases after 2-3 weeks the animal dies.
Pathological changes. In animals that die after an acute course of the disease, hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, especially in the area of the ileocecal valve, and focal pneumonia are detected. If the disease occurs with obvious clinical picture, organ lesions are similar in nature to those caused by rinderpest. The corpses of such animals are emaciated and quickly decompose. Around the nasal openings, adherent crusts of dried purulent discharge.
The main changes are found in gastrointestinal tract. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is inflamed and dotted with hemorrhages, erosions and ulcers, covered with loose necrotic masses. The process in it has the character of ulcerative necrotic stomatitis. Erosions are sometimes also found in the pharynx. The most dramatic changes are observed in the duodenum, ileum and cecum. Their mucous membrane is hyperemic, swollen, riddled with pinpoint-spotted and banded hemorrhages, eroded and ulcerated in places, especially in the area of Peyer's patches and the ileocecal valve. The latter is thickened, hemorrhagically infiltrated, riddled with hemorrhages and ulcers. In some cases, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and catarrhal bronchopneumonia, more often in the cardiac and apical lobes of the lungs. Petechial hemorrhages are found in the heart along the coronary vessels. Lymph nodes, often retropharyngeal, mesenteric and portal, are hyperemic, edematous, with hemorrhages and foci of necrosis. The spleen is sometimes enlarged, flabby, the pulp is full of blood, with numerous hemorrhages. Mucous membrane Bladder slightly hyperemic. In some cases, congestion of the kidneys and erosions on the vaginal mucosa are noted.
Histological changes correspond to the autopsy picture In the epithelial cells of the oral cavity, intestines and reticular elements lymph nodes(near the sinuses and light centers of lymphofollicles) intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies are detected.
Cytopathology. The virus multiplies in the culture of embryonic kidney cells of sheep, cattle, pigs, etc. After a short period of adaptation, the virus quickly accumulates in the said culture with the appearance of characteristic cytopathic changes in the form of the formation of symplasts and cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions.
The diagnosis of the typical course of the disease is made on the basis of pathological and clinical data. Ulcerative-necrotic stomatitis, catarrhal-hemorrhagic enteritis, hemorrhages and erosions in the mucous membrane of the ileocecal valve, the phenomenon of general hemorrhagic diathesis, the presence of inclusion bodies in the epithelial cells of the oral cavity, intestines and in the reticular cells of the lymphoid organs are quite characteristic of the plague.
Differential diagnosis. Plague of petty ruminants should be distinguished from foot and mouth disease, bluetongue sheep and Nairobi diseases (see relevant sections).
More on the topic of Plague of Small Ruminants:
- Plague of Cattle and Small Ruminants Pestes bovina (lat.); Rinderpest (German); Cattle plaque (English); Peste bovine (French); Peste bovina (Spanish)
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, damage to the lymphoid system and the development of pneumonia.
The causative agent of the disease is an RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus Morbillivirus. The PPR virus has a close antigenic relationship with the rinderpest virus. Domestic as well as wild goats and sheep, saigas, gazelles and some other animals are susceptible to PPR. Cattle do not suffer from this disease, but if its causative agent is present in the body, it reacts with the formation of specific antibodies. However, small ruminants are susceptible to the related rinderpest virus. Sheep and goats that have had rinderpest disease or have been vaccinated against the disease are resistant to PPR infection. In this regard, it was previously believed that PPR and rinderpest disease are caused by one pathogen - the rinderpest virus. Currently, based on molecular genetic studies and a detailed study of immunobiological and antigenic properties pathogens of PPR and rinderpest, they are classified as certain species: Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus and Rinderpest virus, respectively, and are considered as independent nosounits.
The economic damage caused by PPR to goat and sheep farming is extremely high. Mortality in primary foci can reach 100%, and in permanently disadvantaged areas - up to 50.0%. Direct losses consist of the death of animals, decreased productivity (milk yield, quality and weight gain of meat, loss of wool and fluff), as well as the costs of quarantine measures.
In 1985-2005 PPR was registered in more than 40 countries of the world: 29 of them - countries of Western, Central, Eastern and North-Eastern Africa, 17 - countries of South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Near and Middle East. In the general list of especially dangerous diseases, PPR occupies territories where rinderpest was usually widespread in the past. The causative agent of PPR, like new nosological unit, has a progressive distribution area. In 2003, it was reintroduced to Israel and Mauritania. In 2005-2006 PPR was reported in the Congo, where the course of the disease was characterized by typical clinical signs and deaths. In 2007, PPR was established in China and Uganda.
The expansion of the nosoarea of PPR was confirmed by the diagnosis of the disease in 2005 on the territory of the Republics of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, where the causative agent of PPR isolated from pathological material from dead animals was discovered, as well as specific antibodies in blood sera taken from sick sheep and goats.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, especially dangerous exotic diseases Plague of petty ruminants, which is currently not registered on its territory, also poses a threat of introduction into the Russian Federation. In Russia, this disease can occur in the territories of the Southern, Volga, Siberian and Far Eastern regions. Federal districts, in which there is distant-pasture livestock farming.
Currently, in areas unaffected by PPR, homologous virus vaccines based on attenuated strains of this pathogen are widely used for the purpose of specific prevention. Initially, for the purpose of preventing PPR, heterologous cultural virus vaccines against rinderpest were used, which protected animals from clinical manifestation disease, but did not inhibit the reproduction of this virus in their body. Other types of vaccines have also been developed: inactivated, associated and recombinant drugs. However, inactivated homologous vaccines provide short-term immunity in sheep and goats.
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Plague of small animals (pestis ovium et caprarum) is an acute, highly contagious disease of sheep and goats, characterized by fever, hemorrhagic diathesis, ulcerative necrotizing stomatitis, catarrhal hemorrhagic enteritis, and dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract.
Etiology.
The causative agent of the disease is an RNA genomic virus belonging to the Paramixoviridae family, Morbillivirus subfamily, has a slightly oval shape, sizes from 150-700 nm to 200-400 nm. In antigenic and immunogenic terms, it is close to the causative agents of rinderpest, canine plague and measles.
Epizootological data.
IN natural conditions the disease affects goats and sheep of all ages, but is more severe in 2-18-month-old young animals. Goats are more susceptible than sheep. In cattle, the virus causes asymptomatic infections. The source of the infectious agent is sick animals and those in the incubation period, starting from 3 days after infection. Some researchers believe that the reservoir of peste des petits ruminants in nature are wild African animals, which support the existence of the virus during the inter-epizootic period, and also contribute to its spread during the epizootic period.
The virus is transmitted aerogenically and alimentarily, through direct contact of sheep and goats with sick animals, as well as through infected food, water, bedding, equipment, and clothing of service personnel. The infection most often occurs after the import of animals from plague-prone farms. It occurs in the form of an enzootic, more often manifested in the rainy season. The frequency of the epizootic in Senegal has been established, repeating every 3-4 years. Mortality in goats can reach 95%, in sheep - 40%.
Course and symptoms.
The incubation period for ruminant plague is 6-15 days. The course of the disease in goats is hyperacute and
acute, in sheep - acute and subacute.
In the hyperacute form, goats experience an increase in body temperature to 40-42°C, depression, lack of appetite, nasal discharge, lacrimation, sneezing, and diarrhea. The duration of the disease is 4-5 days. In most patients, death occurs suddenly.
The acute course in goats and sheep is characterized by the same signs as the hyperacute course, but the disease lasts 8-10 days. A cough appears, ulcers and foci of necrosis develop on the mucous membrane of the oral and nasal cavities, first serous and then serous-purulent discharges are released from the nose. In females, inflammation of the vagina is observed, and in pregnant animals, abortions occur. The disease often ends in transition to subacute form illness or death.
In subacute cases, sheep experience intermittent fever, necrosis and ulcers around the nostrils, mouth, and in complicated forms - pneumonia, diarrhea, exhaustion and dehydration, paresis and paralysis of the limbs. In severe cases, sick animals die after 2-3 weeks. The virus causes destruction of the epithelium of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and lymphoid organs.
Diagnosis.
The diagnosis is made comprehensively on the basis of clinical, pathological, epizootic data and laboratory test results. Laboratory studies involve isolating the virus in a sheep embryonic kidney cell culture and identifying it using immunofluorescence and electron microscopic methods. RSK and RID have also been proposed, which, however, do not allow distinguishing rinderpest from rinderpest. In difficult cases, histological studies and bioassay are performed on 2-4-month-old kids. Characteristic is the detection of eosinophilic cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies in histological preparations in the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, intestines, and in the reticular cells of lymphoid organs.
Differential diagnosis.
Plague of small ruminants(pseudoplague of cattle; Peste des Petits Ruminants - French) is a viral disease of sheep and goats, acute and subacute, characterized by necrotizing stomatitis and catarrhal-hemorrhagic lesions of the intestines and lymphoid system.
Prevalence. The disease has been known since the 1940s (probably since 1942) and was first reported among sheep and goats in West Africa. The causative agent was isolated in 1956 and initially identified as a strain of rinderpest virus. Under natural conditions, it adapted to the body of goats and sheep and acquired virulence for them, almost similar to that of the rinderpest virus. Later, epizootics of peste des petits ruminants were observed (1958-1960) in Nigeria (Kata town) with high mortality among sheep and goats (up to 20-40%). Epizootics of the disease were then recorded again in 1965 and 1968. in Nigeria among goats, but have not spread widely.
It is currently believed that peste des petits ruminants is independent disease, occurs enzootically, usually in countries such as Nigeria, Senegal, and Ivory Coast.
Pathogen- virus, according to morphology, antigenic composition and immunobiological properties are close to the rinderpest virus and according to these criteria it is classified in the paramyxovirus family, genus morbilivirus.
Epizootological data. Sheep and goats are susceptible to the virus. The pathogen can be transmitted by the respiratory or nutritional route through direct contact or through contaminated feed and animal care items contaminated with excreta and secretions of sick animals, which usually contain the virus throughout the acute period of the disease.
diseases.. Plague in sheep and goats is acute and subacute. The incubation period is from 6 to 15 days, depending on the dose and virulence of the virus.
In acute cases, the disease begins increase in body temperature to 41-41.5°C , animal anxiety. Then note depression of general condition, deterioration or lack of appetite. The nasal mucosa becomes dry, the fur becomes dull, and the mucous membranes become inflamed. In the zone of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, zones of hyperemia first appear, then foci of necrosis, in place of which ulcers form. The discharge from the nose and oral cavity is initially mucous-serous, then purulent with a putrid and ichorous odor.
Breathing is difficult and signs of pneumonia appear. On the 5th - 10th day of illness, animals usually die.
In the subacute course, the disease develops more slowly and the first signs appear only on the 5-10th day in the form of intermittent fever, mild depression and serous discharge from the nasal and oral cavities. On the 15-18th day, the fever reaches its climax, signs of pneumonia (as a result of complications with secondary microflora) and damage to the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea) appear. In case of death, these signs progress, dehydration occurs, and the animal dies 2-3 weeks from the onset of the disease. If the outcome is favorable, the signs gradually subside, the ulcers heal and the animals recover.
Pathological changes. They are mainly recorded in the gastrointestinal tract. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is inflamed and ulcerated. Ulcers with jagged edges with necrosis in the center and covered with putrefactive plaque. Drastic changes with ulceration of the mucous membranes are observed in duodenum and at the entrance to the large intestine in the area of Peyer's patches. IN in some cases bronchopneumonia and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract are noted. In the lymph nodes (portal, retropharyngeal, interstitial, etc.), lesions are observed in the form of hemorrhages and focal necrosis. At histological examination Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions are found in epithelial cells of the oral cavity, intestines and lymph nodes (A. Rowland, P. Bourdin, 1970).
Diagnostics. In the typical course of the disease, the diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical symptoms and pathomorphological changes. For laboratory research, samples of organs and tissues of sick animals or serum from recovered animals are taken. The content of specific antigens or antibodies in the materials under study is determined using RSC, RDP and MFA. In doubtful cases, a bioassay is performed on kids of 2-4 months of age.
Prevention and control measures. In areas unaffected by peste des petits ruminants, susceptible animals are vaccinated with a live cultured vaccine against rinderpest (TCRV strain) or an attenuated peste des petits ruminants virus (51 passages in sheep embryonic cell culture). The drugs create immunity lasting more than one year.
When the disease appears in new foci, all sick and suspected animals are destroyed. In a threatened area, a large cattle, sheep and goats are vaccinated with one of the indicated vaccines and quarantined. It provides for restricting the export of animals (sheep and goats) from the disadvantaged area for 2 months.
The import of animals is permitted 14 days after vaccination. All livestock products are disinfected and used on site.
WARNING TO PET OWNERS!
To prevent this dangerous disease necessary:
– do not allow the purchase of animals without veterinary accompanying documents confirming their health;
– purchase animals only from prosperous farms.
– quarantine imported animals for 30 days to carry out the necessary research and processing;
– register animals with rural administrations and the state veterinary service to obtain an identification number;
– circulation, movement, delivery for slaughter, pasture, placement on pasture, regrouping of animals, sale of livestock products should be carried out only with the knowledge and under the control of the state veterinary service;
– promptly inform the veterinary service about all cases of suspected disease or death of animals.
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