Read the old primer online. Primer for educational purposes

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Primer for educational purposes

On October 10, 1918, the decree “On the introduction of a new spelling” was signed, which excluded the letters Ѣ, Ѳ, I from the alphabet, abolished the spelling of Ъ at the end of words - and in general brought Russian spelling to the form in which we know it today. "Kultura.RF" talks about the main post-revolutionary primers of different years.

“ABC” by Vladimir Konashevich, 1918

The ABC of Vladimir Konashevich (cover). St. Petersburg, publishing house of the Partnership of R. Golike and A. Vilborg. 1918

ABC of Vladimir Konashevich. St. Petersburg, publishing house of the Partnership of R. Golike and A. Vilborg. 1918

The illustrated “ABC” by Soviet artist Vladimir Konashevich became one of the first manuals of the new spelling (without the letter “yat”). The idea for the book was born during the artist’s correspondence with his family, who were stuck in the Urals, cut off from the Soviet Republic by Kolchak’s army. “Dad wrote letters to mom, and sent me pictures for each letter of the alphabet, recalled Konashevich’s daughter Olga Chaiko. - I was already four years old, and, obviously, he believed that it was time to know the letters.". Later, Konashevich, on the advice of friends, decided to publish these drawings - and in 1918, “ABC” was published. It included 36 pictures painted in watercolors. Objects and phenomena in “ABC” were very different, from animals and plants to vehicles and toys. They were depicted simply, without perspective distortions, since Vladimir Konashevich believed that “a child should understand the picture at first sight.”

Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet (cover). Moscow, 1919

Vladimir Mayakovsky. Soviet alphabet. Moscow, 1919

“An intellectual does not like risk. / And moderately red, like a radish"- and so on from “A” to “Z”. This topical alphabet was first published in 1919, and Vladimir Mayakovsky was the author of not only its epigrams, but also cartoon illustrations for each of the letters of the alphabet.

The main audience of this primer were Red Army soldiers, whom Mayakovsky wanted to accustom to poetic language with the help of such a satirical publication. “There were such jokes that were not very suitable for the salon, but which went very well in the trenches”, he recalled. Mayakovsky personally colored about five thousand copies of the alphabet, printed in the empty Stroganov printing house when Tsentropechat refused to publish the book for the poet. Later, Mayakovsky transferred many couplets from the “Soviet ABC” to the iconic “ROSTA Windows”.

"Down with Illiteracy", 1920

Dora Elkina. Down with illiteracy! (A primer for adults). Moscow, Extracurricular department of MONO, 1920

Under this name, in 1919–1920, the first editions of the Soviet primer for adults, developed by Dora Elkina and a team of co-authors, were published. These manuals taught the basics of reading and writing based on political slogans: for example, students had to read syllable by syllable the phrases “Councils of the alarm of the people,” “We bring freedom to the world,” and the famous palindrome “We are not slaves, slaves are not us.” The first Soviet alphabets were illustrated by bright propaganda posters and scenes from the life of the proletariat.

A few years later, the “Down with Illiteracy” society was created, the goal of which was to eliminate mass illiteracy. Its work was supervised by major government figures: Mikhail Kalinin, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Anatoly Lunacharsky. Under the leadership of the society, not only educational manuals were published, but also cultural and educational magazines, such as “Kultpohod” and “Let’s Increase Literacy.” According to historians, over the 13 years of its existence, the “Down with Illiteracy” society educated about 5 million Soviet citizens.

Primer "Pioneer", 1925

Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's primer (cover and title page). Leningrad, GIZ, 1925

Ivan Sverchkov. Pioneer. Children's ABC book. Leningrad, GIZ, 1925

The purpose of this manual was to teach schoolchildren not only the basics of literacy, but also the structure of the world around them and Soviet life. “Pioneer” told young readers about life in cities and villages, about various proletarian professions, about domestic and wild animals, about measurements of length, weight and time with the help of illustrations in an engraving style. Of course, the book’s ideological component was also strong. One of the main images of the primer were the October Revolution and Vladimir Lenin: many poems in the primer were dedicated to them.

And “Pioneer” inextricably linked childhood itself in the young Soviet country with the concept of “ours”: kindergartens, schools, camps and even the revolution were depicted as common.

“Primer” by Nikolai Golovin, 1937

Nikolai Golovin. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937

Nikolai Golovin. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1937

“The whole country taught children / According to Golovin’s ABC book”, they said in the Soviet Union, and not without exaggeration. Perhaps there was no school in the late 1930s - early 1940s where they did not read this textbook, compiled by Honored Teacher of the RSFSR Nikolai Golovin. The material in the book ranged from simple to complex: from reading syllables to copybooks, from short stories about ordinary children's activities to poems dedicated to Lenin and Stalin, with obvious political overtones.

A distinctive feature of the Primer were its illustrations, for which the editorial board had special requirements. The images were bright, positive and simple, not overloaded with details, and also had a very clear didactic and educational tone, showing readers patterns of correct behavior.

“Primer” by Alexandra Voskresenskaya, 1944

Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956

Alexandra Voskresenskaya. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956

The Primer, authored by methodologist and Russian language teacher Alexandra Voskresenskaya, was one of the most successful textbooks for primary schools: it was reprinted twenty times. The secret to the success of the primer was a successful combination of tasks to develop memory, imagination and train writing and reading skills. The material in the manual became more complex smoothly and gradually: from combinations of sounds to syllables, from them to short words, small phrases, and so on. The main motif of the illustrations in the book was a measured and happy village life (initially, according to Voskresenskaya’s “Primer,” they studied in rural schools).

Alexandra Voskresenskaya also paid special attention to preparing for teaching preschoolers and created the famous “ABC with a stork” for teaching children in the family.

“Primer” by Sergei Redozubov, 1945

Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1946

Sergey Redozubov. Primer (cover). Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1956

Sergey Redozubov. Primer. Moscow, Uchpedgiz, 1950

The post-war primer was illustrated with scenes of peaceful work and leisure: young pioneers were depicted doing extracurricular reading, games, sports and cleaning. By describing these pictures and relying on auxiliary ones, schoolchildren learned to come up with short stories for each lesson. Toward the end of the Primer were poems and stories for reading, including revised Russian folk tales. True, the manual was difficult for children: it did not always follow the gradual complication of phrases and texts for analysis, and each page was overloaded with columns of words with the same or similar syllables.

Vseslav Goretsky. Primer. Moscow, publishing house "Prosveshchenie", 1993

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Vseslav Goretsky built his primer not according to the alphabet, but according to the frequency of use of letters in speech and writing: they opened the book with “a” and “o”, and closed it with “b” and “b”. It was also the first primer that was published along with copybooks and didactic material.

A special feature of the Primer was its game form. Popular characters shared the journey to the “land of knowledge” with the students: Pinocchio, Dunno and Murzilka, and the tasks were often funny riddles and puzzles. The book also contained many easy-to-memorize poems, including those by Alexander Pushkin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Korney Chukovsky and Samuil Marshak.

Goretsky’s “Primer Book” turned out to be so popular and beloved among children that it continued to be published and reprinted for 30 years, even after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Download Soviet textbook

Study! Study! And study again!

V.I.Lenin

Approved by the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR

© " Pillumination" Moscow 1987

Format: PDF, File size: 5.35 MB

Today you begin your journey to a wonderful, extraordinary country - the Land of Knowledge! You will learn to read and write, for the first time you will write the words that are dearest and closest to all of us: mom. Motherland, .

The school will help you become a competent and hardworking citizen of our great Motherland - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

We congratulate you on the start of your studies and give you your first school book - the Primer. Keep him safe! It will open the door to the world of new, interesting books. From it you will learn how great and beautiful our Motherland is, how much Soviet people do so that there is always peace throughout the entire Earth!..

Be diligent and hardworking.

Good luck, dear friend!

Download the USSR textbook - Primer 1987

Cm. Excerpt from the textbook...

For pilots in flight - For those in the sky At work!

For those at the stoves - No hot work!

To the tractor driver -

Glory in the field

And your job is at school.

Your work is also visible.

Honest work!

Goats and wolf.

Once upon a time there lived a goat. She had seven children. She made herself a hut in the forest. Every day the goat went into the forest for food. She leaves on her own, and tells the children to lock themselves tightly and not open the doors to anyone...

When the dog approaches the swamp, the lapwing flies off the nest and lures the dog with it. He runs in front of the dog. The dog rushes after him, wants to catch him. And the lapwing takes the dog away from its nest.

Friendly guys, they read and draw, play and sing, and live happily.

Yura and Yulia play chess:

And I know another game!

Learned son.

The son came from the city to his father in the village. The father said: “Today it’s mowing, take a rake and let’s go, help me.” But my son didn’t want to work, so he says: “I studied science, but forgot all the peasant words. What is a rake? As soon as he walked across the yard, he stepped on a rake. He grabbed his forehead and said: “And who threw the rake here?”

Let's play echo.

When you walked in the forest or to the river in the evening, you heard an echo. You screamed, but the echo answered you, and you only heard the end of the word.

Let's try to play this game.

The car is a tire.

Laughter is meh.

Scythe - wasp.

Screen - faucet.

Deer is lazy.

Across the river here and there

Someone is wandering through the bushes.

Echo, echo, is that you?

The echo answers: - You.

Where did you have lunch, sparrow?

At the zoo with the animals. I had lunch first

Behind bars by a lion. Took some refreshment from the fox.

I drank some water at the walrus's. I ate carrots from an elephant.

I ate millet with the crane.

Stayed with a rhinoceros

I ate a little bran.

I went to the feast

In tailed kangaroos.

I was at a festive dinner

At the shaggy bear.

A toothy crocodile

Almost swallowed me.

The old man was planting apple trees.

He was told to:

Why do you need these apple trees? It will take a long time to wait for fruit from these apple trees, and you will not eat an apple from them.

The old man said:

I won’t eat it, others will eat it and they will thank me.

One is pouring, another is drinking, the third is growing.

They grow in summer, fall in autumn.

December ends the year, winter begins.

Winter guests.

Fields, forests, parks, gardens were empty. The first snow flutters like fluff. The finches left their native places.

They are cold and hungry.

Winter guests will appear soon - red-breasted bullfinches.

The children went up the mountain, took a sled, and sat astride it. The mountain was very slippery. The sled went very fast, hit other sleds and knocked out all the guys.

A. S. Pushkin.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is a great Russian writer. The whole world knows the name of Pushkin and reads his works. A.S. Pushkin is the glory and pride of our Motherland.

Do you know which Pushkin fairy tale these lines are from:

The squirrel sings songs

Yes, he gnaws on nuts,

And nuts are not simple,

All the shells are golden...

The wind blows on the sea

And the boat speeds up;

He runs in the waves

With full sails...

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