What is 1 newton of force equal to? Units of force: Newton

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1 newton [N] = 0.101971621297793 kilogram-force [kgf]

Initial value

Converted value

newton exanewton petanyewton teranewton giganewton meganewton kilonewton hectonewton decanewton centinewton millinewton micronewton nanonewton piconewton femtonewton attonewton dyne joule per meter joule per centimeter gram-force kilogram-force ton-force (short) ton-force (long) ton-force ( metric) kilopound -force kilopound-force pound-force ounce-force poundal pound-foot per sec² gram-force kilogram-force wall grav-force milligrav-force atomic unit of force

More about strength

General information

In physics, force is defined as a phenomenon that changes the motion of a body. This can be either the movement of the whole body or its parts, for example, during deformation. If, for example, you lift a stone and then let it go, it will fall because it is pulled to the ground by the force of gravity. This force changed the movement of the stone - from a calm state it moved into accelerated motion. When falling, the stone will bend the grass to the ground. Here, a force called the weight of the stone changed the movement of the grass and its shape.

Force is a vector, that is, it has a direction. If several forces act on a body at the same time, they can be in equilibrium if their vector sum is zero. In this case, the body is at rest. The rock in the previous example will probably roll along the ground after the collision, but will eventually stop. At this moment, the force of gravity will pull it down, and the force of elasticity, on the contrary, will push it up. The vector sum of these two forces is zero, so the stone is in equilibrium and does not move.

In the SI system, force is measured in newtons. One newton is the vector sum of forces that changes the speed of a body weighing one kilogram by one meter per second in one second.

Archimedes was one of the first to study forces. He was interested in the effect of forces on bodies and matter in the Universe, and he built a model of this interaction. Archimedes believed that if the vector sum of forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body is at rest. Later it was proven that this is not entirely true, and that bodies in a state of equilibrium can also move at a constant speed.

Basic forces in nature

It is the forces that move bodies or force them to remain in place. There are four main forces in nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force and weak force. They are also known as fundamental interactions. All other forces are derivatives of these interactions. Strong and weak interactions affect bodies in the microcosm, while gravitational and electromagnetic influences also act at large distances.

Strong interaction

The most intense of the interactions is the strong nuclear force. The connection between quarks, which form neutrons, protons, and the particles they consist of, arises precisely due to the strong interaction. The motion of gluons, structureless elementary particles, is caused by the strong interaction, and is transmitted to quarks through this motion. Without strong interaction, matter would not exist.

Electromagnetic interaction

Electromagnetic interaction is the second largest. It occurs between particles with opposite charges that attract each other, and between particles with the same charges. If both particles have a positive or negative charge, they repel each other. The movement of particles that occurs is electricity, a physical phenomenon that we use every day in everyday life and in technology.

Chemical reactions, light, electricity, interactions between molecules, atoms and electrons - all these phenomena occur due to electromagnetic interaction. Electromagnetic forces prevent one solid body from penetrating another because the electrons of one body repel the electrons of another body. Initially, it was believed that electric and magnetic influences were two different forces, but later scientists discovered that they were a variation of the same interaction. Electromagnetic interaction can be easily seen with a simple experiment: lifting a woolen sweater over your head, or rubbing your hair on a woolen fabric. Most objects have a neutral charge, but rubbing one surface against another can change the charge on those surfaces. In this case, electrons move between two surfaces, being attracted to electrons with opposite charges. When there are more electrons on a surface, the overall surface charge also changes. Hair that "stands on end" when a person takes off a sweater is an example of this phenomenon. The electrons on the surface of the hair are more strongly attracted to the c atoms on the surface of the sweater than the electrons on the surface of the sweater are attracted to the atoms on the surface of the hair. As a result, electrons are redistributed, which leads to a force that attracts the hair to the sweater. In this case, hair and other charged objects are attracted not only to surfaces with opposite but also neutral charges.

Weak interaction

The weak nuclear force is weaker than the electromagnetic force. Just as the movement of gluons causes strong interaction between quarks, the movement of W and Z bosons causes weak interaction. Bosons are elementary particles emitted or absorbed. W bosons participate in nuclear decay, and Z bosons do not affect other particles with which they come into contact, but only transfer momentum to them. Thanks to the weak interaction, it is possible to determine the age of matter using radiocarbon dating. The age of an archaeological find can be determined by measuring the radioactive carbon isotope content relative to the stable carbon isotopes in the organic material of that find. To do this, they burn a pre-cleaned small fragment of a thing whose age needs to be determined, and thus extract carbon, which is then analyzed.

Gravitational interaction

The weakest interaction is gravitational. It determines the position of astronomical objects in the universe, causes the ebb and flow of tides, and causes thrown bodies to fall to the ground. The gravitational force, also known as the force of attraction, pulls bodies towards each other. The greater the body mass, the stronger this force. Scientists believe that this force, like other interactions, arises due to the movement of particles, gravitons, but so far they have not been able to find such particles. The movement of astronomical objects depends on the force of gravity, and the trajectory of movement can be determined by knowing the mass of the surrounding astronomical objects. It was with the help of such calculations that scientists discovered Neptune even before they saw this planet through a telescope. The trajectory of Uranus could not be explained by gravitational interactions between the planets and stars known at that time, so scientists assumed that the movement was under the influence of the gravitational force of an unknown planet, which was later proven.

According to the theory of relativity, the force of gravity changes the space-time continuum - four-dimensional space-time. According to this theory, space is curved by the force of gravity, and this curvature is greater near bodies with greater mass. This is usually more noticeable near large bodies such as planets. This curvature has been proven experimentally.

The force of gravity causes acceleration in bodies flying towards other bodies, for example, falling to the Earth. Acceleration can be found using Newton's second law, so it is known for planets whose mass is also known. For example, bodies falling to the ground fall with an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second.

Ebbs and flows

An example of the effect of gravity is the ebb and flow of tides. They arise due to the interaction of the gravitational forces of the Moon, Sun and Earth. Unlike solids, water easily changes shape when force is applied to it. Therefore, the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun attract water more strongly than the surface of the Earth. The movement of water caused by these forces follows the movement of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth. These are the ebbs and flows, and the forces that arise are tidal forces. Since the Moon is closer to the Earth, tides are influenced more by the Moon than by the Sun. When the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon are equally directed, the highest tide occurs, called spring tide. The smallest tide, when tidal forces act in different directions, is called quadrature.

The frequency of tides depends on the geographical location of the water mass. The gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun attract not only water, but also the Earth itself, so in some places, tides occur when the Earth and water are attracted in the same direction, and when this attraction occurs in opposite directions. In this case, the ebb and flow of the tide occurs twice a day. In other places this happens once a day. The tides depend on the coastline, the ocean tides in the area, and the positions of the Moon and Sun, as well as the interaction of their gravitational forces. In some places, high tides occur once every few years. Depending on the structure of the coastline and the depth of the ocean, tides can affect currents, storms, changes in wind direction and strength, and changes in atmospheric pressure. Some places use special clocks to determine the next high or low tide. Once you set them up in one place, you have to set them up again when you move to another place. These clocks do not work everywhere, as in some places it is impossible to accurately predict the next high and low tide.

The power of moving water during the ebb and flow of tides has been used by man since ancient times as a source of energy. Tidal mills consist of a water reservoir into which water flows at high tide and is released at low tide. The kinetic energy of water drives the mill wheel, and the resulting energy is used to do work, such as grinding flour. There are a number of problems with using this system, such as environmental ones, but despite this, tides are a promising, reliable and renewable source of energy.

Other powers

According to the theory of fundamental interactions, all other forces in nature are derivatives of the four fundamental interactions.

Normal ground reaction force

The normal ground reaction force is the body's resistance to external load. It is perpendicular to the surface of the body and directed against the force acting on the surface. If a body lies on the surface of another body, then the force of the normal support reaction of the second body is equal to the vector sum of the forces with which the first body presses on the second. If the surface is vertical to the surface of the Earth, then the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed opposite to the force of gravity of the Earth, and is equal to it in magnitude. In this case, their vector force is zero and the body is at rest or moving at a constant speed. If this surface has a slope relative to the Earth, and all other forces acting on the first body are in equilibrium, then the vector sum of the force of gravity and the force of the normal reaction of the support is directed downward, and the first body slides along the surface of the second.

Friction force

The friction force acts parallel to the surface of the body and opposite to its movement. It occurs when one body moves along the surface of another when their surfaces come into contact (sliding or rolling friction). Frictional force also arises between two bodies at rest if one lies on the inclined surface of the other. In this case, it is the static friction force. This force is widely used in technology and in everyday life, for example, when moving vehicles with the help of wheels. The surface of the wheels interacts with the road and the friction force prevents the wheels from sliding on the road. To increase friction, rubber tires are placed on the wheels, and in icy conditions, chains are placed on the tires to further increase friction. Therefore, motor transport is impossible without friction. Friction between the rubber of the tires and the road ensures normal vehicle control. The rolling friction force is less than the dry sliding friction force, so the latter is used when braking, allowing you to quickly stop the car. In some cases, on the contrary, friction interferes, since it wears out the rubbing surfaces. Therefore, it is removed or minimized with the help of liquid, since liquid friction is much weaker than dry friction. This is why mechanical parts, such as a bicycle chain, are often lubricated with oil.

Forces can deform solids and also change the volume and pressure of liquids and gases. This occurs when the force is distributed unevenly throughout a body or substance. If a sufficiently large force acts on a heavy body, it can be compressed into a very small ball. If the size of the ball is less than a certain radius, then the body becomes a black hole. This radius depends on the mass of the body and is called Schwarzschild radius. The volume of this ball is so small that, compared to the mass of the body, it is almost zero. The mass of black holes is concentrated in such an insignificantly small space that they have a huge force of attraction, which attracts all bodies and matter within a certain radius from the black hole. Even light is attracted to a black hole and is not reflected from it, which is why black holes are truly black - and are named accordingly. Scientists believe that large stars turn into black holes at the end of their lives and grow, absorbing surrounding objects within a certain radius.

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We are all accustomed in life to using the word strength in comparative terms, saying men are stronger than women, a tractor is stronger than a car, a lion is stronger than an antelope.

Force in physics is defined as a measure of the change in the speed of a body that occurs when bodies interact. If force is a measure and we can compare the application of different forces, then it is a physical quantity that can be measured. In what units is force measured?

Force units

In honor of the English physicist Isaac Newton, who did extensive research into the nature of the existence and use of various types of force, 1 newton (1 N) is adopted as the unit of force in physics. What is a force of 1 N? In physics, units of measurement are not chosen just like that, but special coordination is made with those units that are already accepted.

We know from experience and experiments that if a body is at rest and a force acts on it, then the body, under the influence of this force, changes its speed. Accordingly, to measure force, a unit was chosen that would characterize the change in body speed. And don’t forget that there is also body mass, since it is known that with the same force the impact on different objects will be different. We can throw a ball far, but a cobblestone will fly away a much shorter distance. That is, taking into account all the factors, we come to the determination that a force of 1 N will be applied to a body if a body weighing 1 kg under the influence of this force changes its speed by 1 m/s in 1 second.

Unit of gravity

We are also interested in the unit of gravity. Since we know that the Earth attracts all bodies on its surface, it means that there is an attractive force and it can be measured. And again, we know that the force of gravity depends on the mass of the body. The greater the mass of a body, the more strongly the Earth attracts it. It has been experimentally established that The force of gravity acting on a body weighing 102 grams is 1 N. And 102 grams is approximately one tenth of a kilogram. To be more precise, if 1 kg is divided into 9.8 parts, then we will get approximately 102 grams.

If a force of 1 N acts on a body weighing 102 grams, then a force of 9.8 N acts on a body weighing 1 kg. The acceleration of gravity is denoted by the letter g. And g is equal to 9.8 N/kg. This is the force that acts on a body weighing 1 kg, accelerating it by 1 m/s every second. It turns out that a body falling from a great height gains very high speed during its flight. Why then do snowflakes and raindrops fall quite calmly? They have very little mass, and the earth pulls them towards itself very weakly. And the air resistance for them is quite high, so they fly towards the Earth at a not very high, rather uniform speed. But meteorites, for example, when approaching the Earth, gain a very high speed and upon landing, a decent explosion is formed, which depends on the size and mass of the meteorite, respectively.

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