How does an ultrasound of the cervix work? What is diagnosed with an ultrasound of the uterus, cervix and appendages

Routine ultrasound of the cervix during pregnancy is usually performed 3 times in each trimester of gestation.

The first screening is indicated at 11-13 weeks of gestation. During the study, the doctor discovers possible pathologies of abortion.
The second ultrasound is performed at 18-24 weeks. In this case, special attention is paid to studying the risks of late miscarriage. The presence of such pathologies may be indicated by uterine bleeding and dilated vessels.
The third examination of the uterine cervix is scheduled at 32-34 weeks of gestation. The study at these times is performed to assess the readiness of the cervix for the upcoming labor.

During pregnancy, the cervix changes. Ultrasound allows you to assess the condition, size and location of the organ, and detect possible pathologies of pregnancy (miscarriage, premature birth).

In addition to routine examinations, additional ultrasound diagnostic procedures of the cervix may be performed. Such indications include:

Multiple pregnancy;
Miscarriage or premature labor in previous pregnancies;
History of miscarriage;
The presence of sutures on the uterine cervix;
Carrying out surgical manipulations on the uterus in the past;
Suspicion of cervical insufficiency.

The advisability of conducting the study in each case is determined by the attending physician individually.

Why do ultrasound of the cervix during pregnancy?

During pregnancy, the cervix gradually changes its structure, size and shape. This is a natural process that indicates the body’s preparation for the upcoming birth process. Detection of any deviations and disturbances in this process can be dangerous for bearing a fetus or pregnancy.

During gestation, the cervix performs the main function of holding the fetus. For most of pregnancy, it is in a closed position, protecting the fetus from pathogenic bacteria. From 37-38 weeks of gestation, the cervix begins to open. It moves towards the center, becomes shorter and more elastic. In this case, a single canal is formed that connects the external os of the uterus with its body. After opening the neck, the pharynx can reach 12 cm in width.

The muscle ring that holds the fetus is located in the internal pharynx. When its muscles lose tone and weaken, the cervix loses its ability to hold the fetus.

Another important indicator that is assessed during an ultrasound scan is the length of the cervix. Its shortening may be a sign of cervical insufficiency, which provokes a miscarriage. This is due to the physical inability of the organ to withstand the load of amniotic fluid and a growing child. As a result, the uterine cervix opens earlier than expected.

With the help of ultrasound diagnostics, the doctor can detect the slightest deviations and irregularities in the structure, location and shape of the cervix, and develop suitable treatment. This will stabilize the condition of the organ and prevent premature labor.

How to do an ultrasound of the cervix during pregnancy

Ultrasound examination of the uterine cervix can be performed in two ways - transvaginal and transabdominal.

Abdominal diagnosis involves examining the cervix with an ultrasound probe through the abdominal cavity. The position, characteristics and condition of the organ, as well as the parameters of the external pharynx, are assessed.

Transabdominal ultrasound during early pregnancy can be performed with a full bladder (this will allow a more detailed study of the features of the cervix). The doctor should inform the woman about this so that she can prepare for the procedure.

Transvaginal diagnosis is carried out using an intracavitary sensor by inserting it into the vaginal cavity. During the procedure, the doctor determines the length of the uterine cervix, the characteristics of the expansion of the cervical canal, the size of the internal os, as well as the degree of prolapse (bulging) of the fetal membranes. No special preparation is required for transvaginal ultrasound scanning.

Both types of ultrasound are considered safe and non-invasive research methods that do not harm the health of the mother and the unborn baby.

Ultrasound of the cervix is one of the most important studies in the process of monitoring the course of pregnancy, which allows you to detect any possible pathologies of pregnancy in the early stages and carry out appropriate treatment.

Today, ultrasound diagnostics is one of the most popular and in demand methods for studying the human body. In obstetric and gynecological practice, this method is widely and successfully used both for preventive diagnosis of the condition of a woman’s reproductive organs, the development of pregnancy, and for identifying pathologies, including pathologies of the cervix.

general information

Ultrasound of the cervix is usually performed in conjunction with studying the condition of the uterus and ovaries, and in some cases, other pelvic organs. There are several ways to find out the condition of the cervical canal:

Transvaginal.
Transabdominal.
Transrectal.

The first method is the most informative, since when a sensor (transducer) is inserted directly into the vagina, the resulting signal is highly clear. There are no tissues or media between the sensor and the organ being examined that distort the image.

The second method involves studying the woman’s reproductive organs through the abdominal wall. It is used when transvaginal examination is not possible:

During pregnancy.
If the patient is a virgin.
In childhood.
With stricture (narrowing) of the cervical canal.
With atresia (fusion) of the cervix.

Transrectal examination is performed less frequently than the two previous ultrasound options. Examination through the anus using a rectal transducer is prescribed if the transabdominal procedure did not provide sufficiently accurate information, and the transvaginal option is not possible.

Regardless of the method of performing the procedure, ultrasound diagnostics is not dangerous for the patient. In addition, it is almost always painless.

To date, no long-term consequences of ultrasound have been identified either for the woman or for the fetus (if the woman is pregnant), regardless of the number of studies performed.

When is it necessary?

The most common pathologies of the cervical canal today are erosion, pseudo-erosion and, unfortunately, cancer. Erosion is detected:

For girls.
Nulliparous women of childbearing age.
For young mothers after childbirth.
In women after 40 years and in the postmenopausal period.

Is it possible to diagnose erosion and cancer using ultrasound examination, and at what stage of the process is this possible?

Diagnosis of erosion

Erosion is most often diagnosed by visual examination by a gynecologist or by colposcopy (examination using a microscope). To confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy is performed followed by cytological analysis of the tissue. Ultrasound examination in this case is an auxiliary method.

Ultrasound is not able to detect changes in the mucous layer. Erosion and conditions such as pseudo-erosion, dysplasia (precancer) are diagnosed visually and confirmed by cytology. These changes are not visible during the ultrasound procedure.

If erosion cannot be seen even with a transvaginal sensor, why is the study prescribed? In this case, an ultrasound is done to exclude more serious pathologies and assess the condition of the cervical canal as a whole. The fact that ultrasound cannot diagnose erosion does not reduce the value of the procedure. Thanks to this method, the doctor can assess the condition of the cervical canal using the following parameters:

Length and thickness.
Form.
Cross-country ability.
Consistency.
Structure (density or echogenicity).
Axial location relative to the uterus.

The ultrasound method allows you to determine the presence or absence of pathological inclusions (cysts, hematomas, tumors), and determine the condition of the internal pharynx.

Ultrasound allows the doctor to assess blood flow in the genitals and identify its abnormalities. After all, any disturbance in blood flow indicates that you need to look for more than just erosion. Changes in blood flow are one of the clearest signs that may indicate cancer.

Diagnosis of cancer

In the diagnosis of cancer, the ultrasound method is considered almost the “gold standard”. With high-quality, high-precision equipment and high professionalism of the diagnostician, cancer is detected in the early stages. This is especially true, because the initial stages of cancer are asymptomatic. Unfortunately, a visit to a specialist usually does not occur during this period, although the equipment makes it possible to diagnose a tumor of 3 mm in diameter. But if for some reason you decide to have an ultrasound, then you are very lucky, because you have a better chance of being cured at an early stage.

Signs of a malignant formation are more often detected in the vaginal part of the cervical canal; cancer is less often found in the part of the canal adjacent to the uterus. Cervical cancer on ultrasound gives a different picture depending on the stage of the process and the presence of metastases. “Early cancer” is visible as a formation with the following characteristics:

The shape is oval.
The contours are smooth and clear.
Echogenicity – increased or decreased.

The structure and dimensions of the cervical canal are slightly changed. Sometimes these changes are not visualized.

As the process spreads, the echo pattern changes. The cervical canal increases in size, the structure of the formation loses density and uniformity, and the contours become less clear.

Picture of cancer

When using Doppler, a large number of vessels are visible, the diameter of which is expanded. This type of ultrasound examination allows you to evaluate the characteristics of blood flow and identify changes characteristic of the development of cancer:

Reduced IR (resistance index).
Acceleration of blood flow.
Increasing the supply of blood vessels to a separate area of the organ under study (vascularization).

The latter is explained by the fact that the tumor grows with blood vessels and forms collaterals to provide its own growth with nutrients.

Ultrasound of the cervix allows you to identify an early symptom of malignancy of the tissues of the mucous layer (it is beautifully called “pearl necklace”). The ultrasound image is a clear line consisting of small, round formations with reduced echogenicity. The presence of small (up to 6 mm) hypoechoic formations can also be a sign of an early stage of cancer. If such changes are detected, a histological examination of the tissue will be mandatory.

Cancers develop in different ways: some grow into the walls of the cervical canal, and then into the surrounding organs and tissues, others grow in the cavity. The former are called endophilic (striving outward), the latter exophilic (prone to grow in the lumen of the organ, “loving” to be inside).

Ultrasound of the cervix allows you to diagnose both forms of cancer and differentiate one form from the other. For cancer “nesting” in the lumen of an organ, the specialist determines a heterogeneous formation of irregular shape with blurred edges. If the tumor is exophilic in nature, the cervix enlarges, the tissue structure loses its homogeneity, and its echogenicity also decreases significantly.

When cancer cells migrate to the vaginal mucosa, ultrasound diagnostics can reveal:

Changes in the thickness of its walls.
Lack of visual recognition of arches.
Tissue swelling.
The tissues around the affected organ can also undergo infiltration, which is clearly visible on ultrasound.

Ultrasound is also performed to monitor the effectiveness of conservative treatment. And also before a planned operation on this organ.

Ultrasound diagnostics is not a 100% method for diagnosing cancer. Additional examinations are required to confirm the diagnosis.

Ultrasound during pregnancy

Examination of the cervical canal during the gestational period is an integral part of mandatory ultrasound screening. It allows us to establish the development of isthmic-cervical insufficiency. This is a condition in which the walls of this organ are not able to resist intrauterine pressure, the cervix contracts, opens, and this causes spontaneous termination of pregnancy in the 2nd–3rd trimester.

Ultrasound examination during pregnancy is:

Compulsory.
It is performed in accordance with alarming symptoms outside of the screening time frame.
It can be prescribed as a preventive procedure for certain metabolic pathologies (diabetes).
If you suspect malignant processes in the cervical canal.

Ultrasound of the cervix during pregnancy makes it possible to diagnose the pathological condition and carry out treatment, due to which in most cases the pregnancy is maintained. The procedure makes it possible to conduct an examination with minimal interference in the course of pregnancy; its information content and reliability are quite high, despite the fact that it is performed transabdominally.

If an ultrasound examination gives contradictory or incomprehensible results, do not be alarmed. Sometimes diagnostic difficulties are caused by curvature of the cervical canal. In this case, the procedure must be repeated.

Ultrasound of the cervix is a diagnostic procedure that is indispensable for determining the pathology of this part of the reproductive system. Conducted on modern equipment using special modes, it helps to diagnose precancerous and inflammatory diseases, cervical carcinoma in its initial stages. The procedure requires preliminary preparation, but can be performed at any age, regardless of the period of menstrual function, and even during pregnancy.

Who is indicated for cervical ultrasound?

The procedure is carried out in the following cases:

planned - during pregnancy
for bleeding during the intermenstrual period and especially if it occurs after or during sexual intercourse
if menstrual bleeding was heavy
with an irregular menstrual cycle, if at least a year has passed since its onset
pain in the hypogastrium (lower abdomen)
copious vaginal discharge, especially if it is streaked with blood
infertility
urinary disturbance
swelling of the legs.

Methods for performing a diagnostic procedure

Ultrasound examination of the cervix can be performed in the following ways:

Through the abdominal wall (transabdominal). In this way, it is worth assessing the condition of the cervix only if it is impossible to insert a sensor intracavitarily (during pregnancy, in virgins, with some malformations of the vagina).
Transvaginal. In this case, the sensor is inserted into the vagina. This is how a gynecological ultrasound is performed on all women who are sexually active, in pregnant women in the first trimester and from the 37th week, that is, before childbirth (to assess the degree of maturity of the cervix).
Through the rectum (transrectal). This method is used when it is necessary to more carefully evaluate the structure of the cervix in virgins.
Through the skin of the perineum. This method is applicable for virgins, women with vaginal atresia and children if there is suspicion of cervical pathology.

How to prepare for diagnosis

Preparation for the study depends on the method by which it will be performed:

If diagnostics of the cervix and pelvic ultrasound in women are performed transvaginally, there is no need to prepare for the examination.
Before the procedure performed through the abdominal wall, a slag-free diet is followed for 24 hours prior to the procedure. It consists in excluding legumes, sweet fruits, brown bread, cabbage, milk and carbonated drinks from the diet. It is also necessary to drink 1 liter of any non-dairy and non-carbonated liquid an hour before the ultrasound and not urinate to fill the bladder.
A transrectal examination is carried out after a cleansing enema, which in a volume of 1-1.5 liters of cool water was carried out 6-8 hours before the diagnostic procedure.
If the diagnosis will be carried out through the skin of the perineum, no preparation is required.
During pregnancy at any stage, there is no need to prepare for this ultrasound: in the first trimester it will be performed transvaginally, after that through the abdomen, and the role of a cavity filled with fluid will be played by amniotic fluid.

How the procedure is performed

How an ultrasound is performed depends on the technique used to perform it.

When inserting the sensor transvaginally, you will need to take off everything, including your panties, lie on your back, and bend your knees. The ultrasound transducer will be inserted into the vagina after it is covered with a special condom and lubricated with sound-conducting gel. During the examination, the doctor can press the sensor first on one wall of the vagina, then on the other, which should not cause pain. If an ultrasound of the patency of the fallopian tubes is additionally performed, then a small amount of sterile liquid will be injected into them, assessing the dynamics of its movement using the same sensor.
An examination through the skin of the abdomen is carried out after the woman undresses from the waist up. The procedure is performed in the supine position. A little gel is applied to the stomach; it will ensure the movement of the sensor across the skin.
The transrectal procedure is performed with the woman lying on her right side. She first undresses, lies on her side, bends her knees. A condom is placed on a thin sensor and it is carefully inserted into the anus, which is accompanied by discomfort, but not pain.

Interpretation of the received data

The interpretation of the study data should be carried out by an obstetrician-gynecologist. An ultrasound diagnostic doctor can only write about what results deviate from the norm and in what direction, as well as the presence of a structure in the cavity or wall of an organ that differs in acoustic density from the rest of the tissue.

The following indicators are assessed:

cervical shape
its length
consistency
acoustic density (echogenicity)
patency of the cervical canal
axis of the cervix relative to the axis of the uterus.

Research data in carcinoma

Cervical cancer on ultrasound may look different, but there are common signs that allow it to be suspected (the accuracy of the information increases when using color Doppler and energy mapping modes):

uneven contour of the cervical wall
barrel-shaped uterus
the tumor can be both isoechoic and hyperechoic
Doppler examination reveals pathological vessels: they may have a tortuous course, form blind pockets, or be too branched
enlargement of regional lymph nodes.

Diagnosis of the cervix during pregnancy

During this period, ultrasound plays a huge role, as it makes it possible to detect isthmic-cervical insufficiency - a condition in which the cervical canal opens slightly, and the cervix itself shortens, posing a threat to the normal bearing of the baby. This diagnosis is established if at least one of the following signs is found before 37 weeks:

neck length is less than 25mm
there is an open (or slightly open) cervical canal
the internal pharynx is expanded like a funnel.

The maturity of the cervix is also assessed, that is, the degree of its readiness for childbirth:

The higher the score, the more expressed is her readiness for childbirth. Until the 36th week there should be no more than 4 points, then a gradual transition to a more mature state should be observed.

Where to get diagnosed

This type of ultrasound examination can be performed free of charge or at a minimal cost in a antenatal clinic, maternity hospital or gynecological department of a public hospital.

Also, if you have the above symptoms, you can undergo diagnostics at specialized clinics or multidisciplinary centers. The price will be different. Partially it depends on how you want to study the condition of the cervix. For example, a study performed through the skin of the abdomen costs 300-3500 rubles, while a transvaginal one costs 500-4000 rubles.

Reviews about the procedure are positive. Most women have come to the conclusion that transvaginal diagnosis is much more informative; after it, additional clarifying studies are rarely required, unless we are talking about cervical carcinoma.

Thus, ultrasound of the cervix, performed on modern equipment using several modes, makes it possible to diagnose minimal pathology of this organ. So that the diagnostician does not have doubts about the picture he sees, it is necessary to pay special attention to preparation for the procedure.

The ultrasound procedure of the cervix during pregnancy is prescribed as an additional preventive measure during a routine examination.

Timely research makes it possible to identify and prevent the development of pathologies that threaten the health of the mother and fetus.

Why is a cervical examination necessary?

During pregnancy, the cervix gradually changes. This is a normal physiological process of preparing the body for the upcoming birth.

Any deviations in the process may be regarded as a threat to pregnancy and gestation. Therefore, doctors do not recommend postponing a visit to a sonologist.

The sooner the examination is completed, the greater the chances of a successful birth outcome for both mother and baby.

The main function of the cervix in pregnant women is to retain the fetus. During the main part of pregnancy, the closed position of the organ, protecting the fetus from infection, is the norm.

But after 37 weeks, the structure of the cervix changes, becomes softer, becomes shorter and moves towards the center. The process of opening it begins.

During this period, a single canal is formed connecting the body of the uterus with its external pharynx, which, after full opening, can reach a width of 12 cm.

Some time after childbirth, the previous state of the organ returns, but the shape changes and becomes slit-like.

From an anatomical point of view, the cervix is the entrance to the body. The organ consists of an internal and external pharynx, covered with connective and muscle tissue, and is a cervical canal connecting to the vagina.

The muscle ring that holds the fetus is located in the internal pharynx. If its muscles weaken and lose tone, the cervix loses its ability to hold the fetus.

The length of the organ during pregnancy is one of the most important indicators in determining the risk of premature labor.

Its shortening may indicate the development of isthmic-cervical insufficiency, which usually results in miscarriage.

This happens because the weak organ is physically unable to withstand the increasing load of the fetus and amniotic fluid, and begins to open ahead of schedule.

Timely medical intervention allows you to stabilize the condition of the organ and prevent premature labor.

The most accurate diagnostic result can only be obtained using ultrasound. This procedure is also called cervicometry.

How is the research going?

Anatomical ultrasound of the fetus is performed according to plan, starting from the 18th week of pregnancy.

But if a woman experienced premature labor during a previous pregnancy, an ultrasound of the cervix is done earlier - from the 11th week - and repeated every 2 weeks.

Also indications for early ultrasound are:

multiple pregnancy;
late miscarriage in a previous pregnancy;
any history of termination of pregnancy;
suspicion of isthmic-cervical insufficiency;
history of surgical manipulation of the cervix;
history of cervical sutures.

Doctors practice two methods of ultrasound of the cervix - abdominal and transvaginal. The abdominal method involves examination using an ultrasound probe that scans the organ through the surface of the abdomen.

During the procedure, the condition of the organ, its parameters and position, as well as the characteristics of the external pharynx are assessed.

In early pregnancy, it may be necessary to fill the bladder for a better ultrasound result.

If there is such a need, the doctor will warn the woman in advance so that she can prepare.

Transvaginal ultrasound is performed using an intracavitary probe by inserting it into the vagina.

During transvaginal cervicometry, the length of the cervix, the size of the internal os, the parameters of the expansion of the cervical canal, and the degree of bulging (prolapse) of the fetal membrane become available for research.

No special preparation is done. Transvaginal ultrasound is considered absolutely safe for the health of the woman and the fetus.

Explanation of research indicators

Examination of the cervix using ultrasound has one goal - timely detection of pathologies that threaten the course of pregnancy.

To assess the condition of an organ, they are guided by the parameters of its length obtained as a result of the procedure.

In this case, the norm accepted in world medical practice is taken into account. If the norm does not correspond to the indicators obtained during the study, a pathology is diagnosed.

Considering that the parameters and characteristics of the cervix change during pregnancy, the indicators that determine the norm also differ, depending on the period at which the study is carried out.

At the beginning of pregnancy, the length of the cervix corresponds to the indicator characteristic of the normal state of the organ - 3.5 - 4 cm.

Therefore, the average norm for organ length at 24 weeks is 3.5 cm, taking into account the individual characteristics of women. If this indicator is below 2.2 cm, the risk of early labor increases by 20%.

If the cervical length is below 1.5 cm, the risk of early labor increases to 50%. As labor approaches, the cervical length decreases: the norm for the 16th week is 4 – 4.5 cm; for week 25 – 3.5 – 4 cm; for 32 weeks – 3 – 3.5 cm.

The indicators obtained during ultrasound allow us to predict the possibility of early birth. As medical practice shows, if the length of the cervix between 14 and 24 weeks is less than 1 cm, then childbirth will take place at 32 weeks.

If the length is less than 1.5 cm, then the newborn will be born at 33 weeks of pregnancy.

If the organ length is 1.5 - 2 cm, birth should be expected at 34 weeks (the norm is 3.4 cm). With a length of 2 to 2.5 cm, birth will take place at 36.5 weeks.

Premature shortening can be due to various reasons - inflammatory or infectious processes in the pelvic organs, various complications, as well as the individual characteristics of the woman.

Urgent measures that are provided for such cases are drug therapy, hormonal therapy, and the use of a silicone pessary.

In some cases, surgical intervention is possible - the application of a temporary suture (cervical cerclage).

Features of additional research

About two weeks before giving birth, the cervix begins to rapidly ripen. If these changes do not occur, the question arises about the degree of maturity of the organ.

The main signs of cervical maturity are parameters such as consistency, smoothness, patency of the cervical canal, and position. The degree of maturity can only be determined using ultrasound.

At the conclusion of the study, the degree of maturity is indicated by points: immaturity - from 0 to 3 points, insufficient maturity - from 4 to 6 points, full maturity - from 7 to 10 points.

There is a medical table that shows the standard values for determining cervical maturity in points.

According to medical indications, maturity should occur after 37 weeks of pregnancy.

Accordingly, if the cervix has a dense consistency, with a length of more than 2 cm, a closed external pharynx and a posterior position of the cervix, these are parameters of immaturity.

If the cervix is softened, but compactions are observed in the internal os, with a length of 1-2 cm, average patency of the canal and anterior location - these are signs of insufficient maturity.

At full maturity, the cervix should be soft, smooth, less than 1 cm in length and the patency of the canal is more than two fingers in the middle position.

If the cervix is immature, delivery is carried out by caesarean section.

The information obtained using ultrasound cannot be determined in any other way. This type of research is the most important in the process of monitoring the progress of pregnancy.

For expectant mothers, this is a lifeline that allows you to avoid trouble a moment before it appears.

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Ultrasound at 16 weeks of pregnancy: photo, fetal size, features

An ultrasound at 16 weeks during pregnancy allows the expectant mother to see her baby.

At this stage, he is already actively moving, making grimaces, and developing quickly. At week 16, parents will be able to receive a photo of their unborn baby and determine its gender.

Why is ultrasound prescribed?

Many mothers at 16 weeks feel fetal movements in the stomach. Those who already have a child will not confuse such sensations with anything.

If the baby is the first or the fetus is small, then movements may not be audible. During the ultrasound procedure, you can look at the child and see his movements.

Not only body movements are visible on the equipment monitor: it is possible to distinguish the baby’s facial expressions, the gender of the child, and monitor the cervix.

An ultrasound examination at week 16 is one of the best ways to examine the fetus, the condition of the cervix, and detect or exclude pathology (see video).

The basis of such research is ultrasonic waves. They are reflected from tissues that have different densities. The device analyzes the results obtained and displays them on the screen in the form of a specific photo.

An ultrasound at the sixteenth week can be performed in one of the following ways:

Transabdominal - carried out with a special sensor, which is applied to the surface of the abdomen and slowly moved. Before the procedure begins, the surface of the abdomen is treated with a special gel, which helps ultrasound waves pass through the tissue better;
Transvaginal - carried out with a sensor, which the doctor inserts into the vagina. With its help, you can qualitatively diagnose the condition of the cervix.

Ultrasound at 16 weeks of pregnancy is usually prescribed to women who, for some reason, missed the study in the 1st trimester.

In addition, a study may be prescribed to exclude hereditary diseases that can be transmitted from father to child, and cervical pathologies.

Transvaginal ultrasound may be prescribed for those women in whom the doctor suspects isthmic-cervical insufficiency.

With ICI, thinning and excessive softness of the cervix and its isthmus are observed, which leads to termination of pregnancy in the second and third trimester. At week 16, the doctor will be able to find out the sex of the fetus.

If at 16 weeks of pregnancy the doctor prescribed a transvaginal ultrasound, no special preparation is required, but for a transabdominal examination it is worth fulfilling some requirements.

This ultrasound is performed when the bladder is full. Otherwise, empty spaces can be a hindrance to quality research.

Before an ultrasound, a woman should drink 1 – 1.5 liters of water. Only if you follow all the doctor’s recommendations when preparing for an ultrasound, the procedure will be carried out correctly.

Then the condition of the cervix, the size of the baby, and possibly its gender will be studied with high accuracy.

Ultrasound indications

By 16 weeks, the uterus is quite large. By this time, its weight is approximately 250 g. During the procedure, the doctor must examine the height of this organ.

If the entire distance below the navel is divided in half, then the place where the uterus is located will be determined - this location is considered the norm.

A woman will be able to determine the location of the uterus herself. To do this, you should put your hand on the lower abdomen, about 7 cm from the navel down. Incorrect location of the uterus indicates disturbances in the development of the fetus.

The baby in the womb is constantly developing and growing, and as a result, the uterus is growing. As it grows, it puts pressure on other organs - the intestines also become slightly compressed.

A woman may experience various unpleasant symptoms, such as constipation, bloating, heartburn, etc.

When performing an ultrasound, the doctor evaluates not only the condition of the cervix. At the 16th week of pregnancy, the internal organs of the fetus are examined and measurements are taken.

At this age, the baby weighs 90 - 110 g, abdominal circumference 88 - 116 mm, head - 112 - 132 mm, length of the fetus itself - 120 - 150 mm, lower leg - 15 - 21 mm, thigh - 17 - 23 mm. The sex of the child does not play a role in determining the size of the organs.

A fetus at 16 weeks has developed legs, already formed marigolds. Legs and arms are symmetrical.

The fetus is already able to hold its neck straight and also turn its head left and right. The eyes and ears of the fetus are located in their place.

The child's heart must work at full strength. At this stage of its development, it is capable of pumping about 25 liters of blood per day.

The liver, which previously performed the functions of hematopoiesis, is engaged in digestion, since the intestines, stomach, and gall bladder are just beginning to work, and therefore do not function at full capacity.

When performing an ultrasound, you can see its contents in the intestines. Black-green, dark green original feces consist of bile. The bladder is already working. It is emptied every 40–45 minutes.

The functions of hematopoiesis are performed by the bone marrow. At the sixteenth week of fetal development, the blood has a certain composition. It contains components inherent in the blood of a man or a woman.

When performing an ultrasound, the doctor will be able to determine the group and Rh factor. The fetus lacks fetal hemoglobin. It will form a little later.

The replacement of fetal hemoglobin with regular hemoglobin will occur only 5-6 months after the baby is born.

The placenta should be formed by 16 weeks. The length of the umbilical cord should be about 50 cm, its diameter should be approximately 2 cm.

The importance of an ultrasound at 16 weeks

If a gynecologist gives a referral for an ultrasound, you should not refuse it. At this time, it is possible to accurately determine the presence of pathologies of the fetus and cervix.

It is possible to determine the size and gender of the child, so future parents can take advantage of this opportunity.

There is no reason to be upset if you were unable to find out the sex of the baby. After all, at the current stage the fetus is very small. An ultrasound at 16 weeks is not the last procedure, so there will still be an opportunity to clarify the sex of the baby.

At week 16, a woman, in addition to ultrasound, is prescribed other tests. Weight control, blood pressure, and urine analysis are not cancelled. In addition, new analyzes are being added.

At this time, blood is donated to determine various chromosomal abnormalities.

Based on an analysis of the level of estriol, gonadotropin, and α-fetoprotein, the doctor will be able to determine about forty possible abnormalities of fetal development.

If the triple test shows a bad result, there is no need to panic - this is not a diagnosis yet. To clarify the data, it is worth undergoing amniocentesis.

This study involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid. To do this, a needle is inserted into the uterus and material is taken for research.

Fetal cells are isolated from amniotic fluid, after which a culture is grown from them. Its study will allow you to more accurately determine the presence of pathologies than other tests.

If necessary, the doctor will give indications for terminating such a pregnancy. When performing amniocentesis, you should choose a doctor who has extensive experience.

The procedure carries risks of miscarriage, and premature birth is possible.

Woman's feelings

At the sixteenth week of pregnancy, a woman is able to feel the baby move. There is an opinion that a woman confuses fetal movements with gas formation in her intestines, pressed down by an enlarged uterus. But it is not always the case.

If a woman is carrying her first baby, she may confuse the baby's movements with gases. But the mother of the unborn second child will definitely detect the movement of the fetus.

Don't be upset if you can't hear your baby's movements.

With ultrasound readings and other tests indicating a normal course of pregnancy, the absence of pathologies, and the normal state of the cervix, there is no reason to be upset - the baby behaves quietly.

Mom will still have time to enjoy his movements.

If a mother has two babies in her belly, then at 16 weeks of pregnancy, most likely, she will already feel their movement. An ultrasound will definitely show the presence of two babies and, possibly, determine their gender.

At this stage, babies behave actively and develop quickly. The mother of twins should be very careful and allocate more time for rest.

During this period, the woman’s well-being improves. Toxicosis and a feeling of weakness usually go away. The chest no longer hurts and is not very sensitive.

Hormonal balance improves, so your mood does not change sharply and there is no irritability.

Typically, a woman’s weight increases by several kilograms in the sixteenth week.

Each subsequent week of fetal development will add weight, so mommy must pay more attention to her diet.

It is worth spreading your meals over five times, the portions should be small. It is not recommended to snack between meals.

The baby is actively developing and growing, so he needs a lot of vitamins and nutrients.

A woman should additionally take multivitamins to provide both herself and her baby with the necessary vitamins and microelements.

A woman should drink enough fluids. It is better if it is unsweetened, weak tea or still water.

It is advisable not to eat spicy, smoked, salty, fatty, or sweet foods. It is not recommended to drink raw milk and water.

The weight of the fetus gradually increases, so the load on the mother’s legs increases. Already at sixteen weeks, you should give up high-heeled shoes and switch to flat soles.

When walking, you should learn to roll your foot from heel to toe. This way the increased weight will be distributed evenly across the entire sole.

Ultrasound at 16 weeks is a way to determine the condition of the cervix, the development of the baby, and identify pathologies in time. If desired, future parents will be able to find out the gender of the baby.

At this stage, the woman’s belly is not yet so large, there are no unpleasant sensations such as weakness, toxicosis, so she will be able to fully enjoy her condition - expecting a baby.

moydiagnos.ru

Ultrasound of the cervix during pregnancy

Ultrasound has become the most important type of diagnosis during pregnancy. It consists of echolocation of an ultrasonic signal. During the entire period of pregnancy, the expectant mother must undergo 3 scheduled ultrasound examinations. An obstetrician-gynecologist prescribes their passage in the first, second, third trimesters.

An ultrasound must be performed so that a specialist can determine the condition of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and reproductive organs of the pregnant woman. Ultrasound examination provides data on:

Condition of the cervix. To do this, measure the length of the organ; it must correspond to the gestational age of the baby. Normally, the organ should not be shortened. The pharynx (external, internal) is closed during normal pregnancy. The smoothness of the organ is visualized closer to childbirth;
The condition of her myometrium.

An ultrasound of the cervix is necessarily performed to determine possible pathologies in the woman’s reproductive system. The diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, precancerous conditions, as well as cervical carcinoma depends on this procedure. For non-pregnant women, an ultrasound examination of this organ is performed after special preparation, but pregnant women do not need to prepare.

Preparing for diagnosis

This examination is carried out in the following ways:

Transvaginally (no special preparation);
Transabdominal (exclude foods that stimulate gas formation from the diet, be sure to fill the bladder);
Transrectally (preliminarily perform a cleansing enema);
Through the skin of the perineum (no preparation needed).

If a woman is pregnant, then she does not need to specially prepare for an ultrasound examination of the cervix. Typically, the procedure is performed transvaginally in the first trimester and then transabdominally. Amniotic fluid acts as a cavity with fluid, so there is no need to fill the bladder with water.

Research process

The diagnostic method differs depending on the type of examination used:

Transvaginal examination. At the beginning of the procedure, remove all clothing below the waist and lie down on the couch with your knees bent. Then a condom is placed on the ultrasound transducer, a sound-conducting gel is applied and it is inserted into the vagina.
Through the skin. The patient should remove clothing above the waist and lie on her back. An ultrasound probe is passed over skin lubricated with a special gel.

Diagnosis of the reproductive organ is done to obtain specialists the following information:

Form;
Length;
The axis of the cervix in relation to the axis of the uterus;
Consistency;
Echogenicity;
Patency of the cervical canal.

Pregnancy and cervical ultrasound

During pregnancy, ultrasound examination of the cervix plays a very important role. Thanks to this procedure, doctors can detect a condition such as isthmic-cervical insufficiency. It is characterized by shortening of the organ, as well as a simultaneous opening of the cervical canal. As a result of these changes, there is a threat to bearing a baby.

Experts can make a diagnosis of Isthmic-cervical insufficiency if at least one of the following signs was detected during examinations before the 37th week:

Slight opening of the cervical canal;
Shortening of the cervix to sizes less than 25 mm;
The expansion of the internal pharynx is like a funnel.

The process of measuring the length of the cervix during an ultrasound is usually called cervicometry.

Why is the length of the cervix measured?

This organ is necessary to hold the fetus inside the uterus. In some cases, relaxation of muscle tone occurs ahead of schedule, as a result, the cervix shortens and dilates. Therefore, measurements of this organ are performed throughout pregnancy. In this way, specialists can prevent the premature birth of a baby.

Termination of pregnancy when the fetus is less than 34 weeks old occurs in approximately 8-10% of all births. The main reason, naturally, is the development of isthmic-cervical insufficiency, which manifests itself already in the second trimester.

The length of the organ depends directly on the duration of pregnancy, as well as the patient’s obstetric history (first pregnancy or not). So at 20 weeks the cervical size is approximately 40 mm, and already at 34 – 34-36 mm.

Shortening of the length is determined if the reproductive organ is shorter than 25 mm on ultrasound. If it is less than 15 mm, then this case is considered a pathology in which the rate of abortion is very high.

Depending on the approach of the birth process, the length of the cervix gradually shortens. So, at 16-20 weeks the normal length is 4 - 4.5 cm, at 25 - 28 weeks - 3.5 - 4 cm, and at 32 - 36 weeks - 3 - 3.5.

It is also worth taking into account the individual structural features of each woman’s organs. The size of the cervix will also depend on the age of the patient and the number of previous births. If the length of the cervix, determined using a transabdominal examination, raises doubts among the doctor, he will prescribe a transvaginal ultrasound. It will provide more accurate data on the length of this part of the organ.

The baby's due date depends on the size of the cervix:

With a length of up to 1 cm, the birth process occurs at 32 weeks;
With a length of up to 1.5 cm, the birth process can occur at 32 weeks;
With a length of up to 2 cm, labor can begin at 34 weeks;
With a length of up to 2.5 cm, labor is expected to begin at 36.5 weeks.

Duration of ultrasound examination of the cervix

This diagnosis is carried out at the same time as an anatomical ultrasound examination of the fetus. This occurs at 18-22 weeks. The exceptions are the following cases:

Previous history of premature birth;
Miscarriage in late pregnancy;
Multiple pregnancy.

If these events have occurred in a woman’s history, then an ultrasound of the cervix is done much earlier (11–16 weeks).

When performing an ultrasound examination, doctors receive information about the following parameters:

Length of the cervix;
The range of expansion of the cervical canal, as well as the internal pharynx;
Funnelization of the membranes of the embryo into the internal os (expanded) and the cervical canal;
The location of the suture on the cervix.

Risk group

Cervicometry is done for women who are at risk:

With multiple pregnancy;
With a history of premature birth;
With late miscarriage;
With sutures placed on the cervix;
With suspicion of isthmic-cervical insufficiency;
If the patient has a history of surgery on this organ.

Thus, the percentage of premature birth of a child increases to 5-10% in women whose history contains one of the cases of termination of pregnancy (late miscarriage, premature birth).

The percentage of premature birth of a child will increase to 20% if spontaneous termination of pregnancy was recorded several times in the patient’s obstetric history.

The percentage of premature birth of a baby increases to 5-10% during multiple pregnancies. The threat occurs at 24-32 weeks.

The patient must inform the specialist about each of the listed events in the woman’s obstetric history before undergoing an ultrasound examination.

uzigid.ru

Ultrasound of the cervix performed during pregnancy: necessary examination

Ultrasound diagnostics today have proven effectiveness in determining the condition of internal organs. In obstetric and gynecological practice, ultrasound is used more often than other instrumental research methods due to its simplicity, including for decoding, indicativeness and safety, and the ability to save documents (photos and videos). This article will discuss the question of how an ultrasound of the cervix is performed during pregnancy, as well as why this procedure is performed.

Study of this area during gestation

During pregnancy, ultrasound diagnostics is given special importance. Firstly, this is one of the few non-invasive diagnostic methods that are safe for a developing baby. Secondly, it allows you to identify the problem in the early stages and change management tactics in time.

They look at what the uterus looks like on an ultrasound at the beginning of pregnancy: the size of the reproductive organ, its configuration, the position of the cervix relative to the body, density and consistency. The tone of the muscle layer must be assessed. Regarding the cervix, its width, patency of the external and internal pharynx, width and length of the cervical canal are assessed.

The presence of pathological changes is checked. The procedure, as well as examination of the condition of the appendages during pregnancy, can usually be done in conjunction with routine ultrasound screening tests. However, if there is a predisposition to gestational disorders (late miscarriages, infectious lesions of the birth canal, large fetus, premature birth, etc.), the study can be carried out additionally and earlier.

How is it carried out?

An ultrasound of the uterus during pregnancy is performed in a specially equipped room, which is most often located in the diagnostic department. He may also be in a private clinic.

The ultrasonic sensor or a special condom is coated with acoustic gel to ensure good wave conduction. The procedure can be carried out in several different ways:

Transabdominal: the ultrasound sensor is installed on the anterior abdominal wall, so the ultrasound passes through the anterior abdominal wall, bladder, fiber layer, body of the reproductive organ and only then reaches the cervix. It is more difficult to install the sensor at the required angle to view the area required for this study. Swollen loops of the small intestine can also create a problem if there is no preparation before an ultrasound. This method is quite comfortable for the subject, but is less informative and difficult to interpret. During such a study, the bladder should be full.
Transvaginal: the sensor is installed in the vagina, so the ultrasound is delivered directly to the cervical canal, without any obstacles. To perform this you need a special condom. The cervix can easily be examined completely. However, this ultrasound method may not be the most comfortable and is not suitable for virgins. This procedure is carried out only during the first trimester, since later the ultrasound sensor can mechanically cause the beginning of pushing. Before the study, you must empty your bladder.
Transrectal: in this case, the ultrasound probe is installed in the rectum. The ultrasound source is thus also brought quite close to the desired area. You must have a special condom for ultrasound. The method may not be the most comfortable, but it is quite indicative and is suitable for girls who have not previously had sexual intercourse. Appropriate preparation is required before carrying out.
Transperineal: a method in which ultrasound is delivered through the skin of the perineum. In this case, there are no problems for the abdominal organs, the procedure does not create inconvenience, is suitable for everyone, and does not require specific preparation.

Determination of the reproductive tract at the beginning of gestation

During pregnancy, a number of characteristic changes occur in the female reproductive organs, which are clearly visible on ultrasound. The body of the uterus itself becomes more rounded instead of pear-shaped, and its arch leans forward. Hypertrophy processes occur associated with the action of the hormone progesterone, affecting primarily the endometrium - the mucous membrane of the uterus.

Is the cervical area visible?

Is the cervix visible on an ultrasound - yes, but it is preferable to perform a transvaginal ultrasound to visualize it. Unlike the body of the organ and its isthmus, the neck is still dense, which is why the body tilts anteriorly. It should have an immature status, which implies only a slight shortening.

Why do they do it?

This study is carried out in order to assess the maturity of the cervix and to promptly suspect pathological changes in the endocervix, which can significantly harm the proper course of pregnancy. The organ is assessed during a screening ultrasound; if necessary, the procedure can be performed additionally.

The maturity of an organ is determined by the following parameters:

sizes,
density,
width of the cervical canal,
the location of the canal relative to the axis of the small pelvis.

What pathologies does it show?

Ultrasound diagnostics shows the presence of pathology in the structure of the cervix.

Isthmic-cervical insufficiency

It means the insufficient ability of the cervix to keep the organ cavity closed, keeping the developing baby protected in its membranes. This condition is fraught with infection, premature rupture of amniotic fluid, and hypoxia. The diagnosis of isthmic-cervical insufficiency is valid in the presence, according to ultrasound at 37 weeks, of a cervix shorter than 25 mm or dilatation of the cervical canal (including opening of only the internal pharynx).

In case of insufficiency of this organ, a special obstetric pessary is used, which mechanically supports the lower part of the uterus and is clearly visible on ultrasound.

Cervical gestation

is a very serious complication of the process of attachment of the zygote to the endometrium. The problem is that the trophoblast of the embryo must grow into the hypertrophied endometrium, and not any other tissue - this causes bleeding, sometimes very heavy. In addition, the fetus itself cannot develop in the conditions of the cervix.

Placenta previa

is not a specific pathology, but this condition is inextricably linked with the cervix. This process means that the placenta is localized at the bottom of the cavity of the reproductive organ and covers the internal cervical os. With this position of the placenta, it can exfoliate, which will lead to very dangerous and initially not pronounced blood loss.

Examination of the cervical area from 106 days

The cervix of the uterus is examined at the 16th week of pregnancy if isthmic-cervical insufficiency has previously been established. If an ultrasound examination at sixteen, twenty and twenty-four weeks does not reveal insufficiency, the values are normal, then, most likely, this time there is no need to worry that there will be problems at a later date.

Why is it done outside of pregnancy?

Since such a study is not planned, it is usually carried out in case of relevant complaints: the presence of discharge with blood outside of menstruation and other pathological changes in discharge (in quantity, nature), pain in the lower abdomen, previous disorders of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, infertility.

How is it determined?

The cervix on ultrasound looks like a thickened part of the uterus located below. The side facing the vaginal lumen is thickened like a roller. Around this thickening are the vaginal vaults, the deepest of which is the posterior one. Using ultrasound, it is possible to clearly identify the muscular layer and endocervix (mucous membrane), which have the same echogenicity as the corresponding tissues in the uterus.

What pathologies does it show?

Organic changes in the structure of the female genital organ are detected. These are, first of all, tumor growths, as well as various lesions of the mucous membrane.

Polyps in the cervical canal have a slightly reduced echogenicity, in contrast to the mucous membrane, or are isoechoic. They look like a kidney, have a regular shape, with smooth edges, often on a stalk. Their presence is associated with a viral infection, long-term erosions, especially against the background of various distress and other factors that weaken the body’s defenses (diseases, long-term use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs). The problem with polyps is the risk of dysplasia and malignancy (malignancy), which occurs in 1.4% of cases. For this reason, when polyps are detected, they must be treated. It is also necessary to examine the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) with an ultrasound scan for polyps, since their growth can spread there.
Cancer is a tumor growth of epithelial tissues, in this case, the endocervix. With this disease, the tumor does not have clear boundaries in unchanged tissues, the contours are uneven. Depending on the structure, the tumor may have different echogenicity compared to normal tissues. Hysteroscopy may be necessary to exclude complications.
Erosion of the endocervix develops as a result of various effects on the female reproductive system. Erosion is a defect in the epithelium, so it serves as a gateway to infection. On ultrasound, this change should look like a defect in the form of a depression in place of the lip of the cervix.

Conclusion

The cervix is one of the most vulnerable internal female genital organs that is closest to the external environment; in addition, it is very important during the normal course of pregnancy. Therefore, it requires constant monitoring and timely treatment for diseases in order to give birth to a healthy baby without any problems.

With the development of an inflammatory process accompanied by painful discomfort, as well as in the event of other pathologies, it is recommended to undergo instrumental diagnostics. If there are problems with the uterus and cervix, it is necessary to identify the reasons due to which the formation of the pathological process occurred. To determine the factors, ultrasound of the cervix is used.

Thanks to the examination, it is possible to clearly identify pathologies present in the genital organs that block a woman’s ability to carry out her reproductive functions. Modern equipment and qualified doctors have the ability to carry out the procedure and identify the emergence of a problem at the initial stages. In most cases, the study is carried out simultaneously with an ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity and pelvis.

Ultrasound examination of the cervix: why it is performed and what it shows

Ultrasound examination of a woman’s genital organs is a non-invasive examination technique. During the procedure, it is possible to carry out the following diagnostics of the woman’s internal organ:

Consider the structure of the cervix, its location and size;
Examine the condition of the mucous membrane of the cavity;
Assess blood capillaries and identify features of blood flow;
Identify changes in the internal walls of the cervical canal;
Determine the size, smoothness and possibility of full opening of the cervical canals, which are clearly visible when instrumental diagnostics are performed;
Detect factors leading to irregular menstrual cycles.

After the event, the doctor can make a diagnosis based on the data obtained about the presence of a pathological process or serious illness. The disease can occur in the early stages, so obvious symptoms are not detected when examined by a doctor. Based on the information obtained after the survey, the following changes and problems can be identified:

– neoplasms tend to occur when there is a hormonal imbalance or ongoing inflammation;
Polyposis is a neoplasm that occurs in the cervical canal, characterized as benign, but when exposed to unfavorable conditions it tends to develop into a malignant tumor;
Endometriosis - the growth of the uterine mucosa over large areas, called hyperplasia, is detected. The problem appears as a benign disease manifested due to hormonal imbalance;
Myoma is a neoplasm of connective tissue and the outer layer of the epidermis of the smooth muscle type. Has a benign character;
Carcinoma - its formation occurs from epithelial tissue of the glandular type, leading to the development of oncology;
Pregnancy - the process of fetal development does not take place in the uterine cavity; the fertilized cell attaches to the cervix.

The ultrasound examination technique is used during gestation. The procedure allows you to see the baby, determine its size, identify the state of development of important systems and diagnose possible changes in formation.

Preparing for diagnostics

Before carrying out the procedure, specific preparation is required, and the latter depends on what method of diagnosis will be performed:

When performing a transvaginal ultrasound of the pelvis and genital organs of a woman, no special preparation is required before the examination;
If the study is carried out through the abdominal wall, then during the last 24 hours you should adhere to a slag-free diet. It is worth giving up fruits, legumes, black bread, dairy products, soda and cabbage. You need to drink approximately 1 liter 1 hour before the procedure. liquids, but not carbonated or dairy products. Avoid small trips to the toilet until the ultrasound. This is necessary to ensure that the bladder is full, which improves the diagnosis of the pathological process.
If a transrectal examination is prescribed, a cleansing enema is required. From 1 to 1.5 liters is poured into the intestines. boiled cool liquid to completely get rid of stagnant feces. The enema is done 7-8 hours before the diagnosis. Instead of an enema, you can use an oral laxative;
When diagnosing pathology through the skin of a woman’s perineum, no preliminary preparation is required;
When carried out, preparation is excluded. In the first weeks of pregnancy, the procedure is carried out transvaginally, then only through the skin of the abdomen.

Read also: Examination of smears for cervical cytology: interpretation

When a doctor prescribes an ultrasound, with the help of which the pathological process and the resulting disease are determined, it is worth first finding out by what method the examination is carried out. If necessary, it is worth preparing, because in the absence of specific requirements, such as the absence of feces in the body or a full bladder, the diagnosis will show incorrect results.

Slag-free diet is an important stage of preparation

Research methodology and options

The ultrasound examination technique is based on the expected diagnosis. Thanks to preliminary information signaling the development of pathology of female internal organs, one of the following methods for diagnosing the disease is carried out:

Transabdominal - the procedure is performed through the abdominal wall. This choice of diagnosis is due to the fact that in some situations, such as advanced pregnancy, adolescence and the presence of a hymen, as well as with the development of a certain type of pathology in the vagina, penetration of the instrument into the cavity is impossible.
Transvaginal - a device that allows you to examine the structure of the uterine cavity is inserted through the vagina. The procedure is possible for all patients who are sexually active. In addition, diagnosis can be carried out in the first weeks of pregnancy detection and in the last (38-40 weeks) before childbirth. This technique is necessary to identify the maturity of the cervix.
Transrectally - by introducing the device through the small intestine. A diagnostic method is required for a more detailed identification of the internal structure and formation of the pathological process in virgins.
Through the upper layers of the epidermis - it is recommended for patients who have been diagnosed with vaginal atresia, if there is a suspicion of an inflammatory process in the internal organs.

For each patient for whom echography is prescribed, the procedure is carried out individually, using a suitable method. The method is selected based on the course of the disease and the identified symptoms.

Based on the identified image displayed on the monitor screen, the specialist records the indicators and records the inflammatory process. After the results obtained, the gynecologist determines the diagnosis and prescribes effective treatment.

Decoding of data, norm of indicators

Decoding of the received data is carried out only by the attending obstetrician-gynecologist. The ultrasound doctor only describes the deviations. After receiving the results in hand, the patient has a lot of questions due to the fact that a lot of incomprehensible meanings are revealed. To understand the diagnosis performed, it is recommended to know the indicators that are normal.

The ultrasound examination is complex, so correct interpretation is very important for further determination of the diagnosis. The following types of examination are identified:

Body of the uterus – present bends, location, presence of changes and deformations;
Internal lining tissue (endometrium) – echogenicity, density, structure, detection of neoplasm in the form of an egg, detection of polyps;
Cervix - identification of cysts or polyps in the cavity, extent, structure of the walls;
Ovaries (both and separately) – the structure of each of them, identification of formed follicles, sizes and volumes;
Space near the uterus - detection of fluid or other structures, diagnosed as a dense egg or filled with fluid (hematoma).

When diagnosing the cervix in a patient of any age, the following parameters are normal:

be within 3.5-4.5 cm;
Uterine os – normal opening: no more than 5 mm;
There should be free patency in the cervical canal: no abnormal echoes, no polyps and no submucosal myomatous node;
The structure of the cervical canal and the epithelium of the internal organ is clear, without changes or pathologies;
Absence of signs of “minus tissue” or “plus tissue”, which is detected during the development of malignant tumors.

Read also: Colposcopy of the cervix - what is it and why is it prescribed?

Additionally, the location of the uterus relative to other internal organs is taken into account. Echography does not reveal dysplasia, but it records the scars that have arisen from surgical intervention.

Ultrasound during pregnancy: features of the procedure

The cervix is a very important organ during pregnancy. It is necessary to keep the fetus in the uterine cavity, and also becomes a significant obstacle to the penetration of pathogenic bacteria into the vaginal cavity.

During the period of gestation, the uterus undergoes serious changes, which are caused by the growth of the fetus and the readiness to give birth to a child.

During fertilization and the beginning of fetal formation, the cervix is fixed as a hard, dense consistency. By the time of childbirth, it becomes soft and elastic, which has a positive effect on the moment when labor begins.

Why perform an ultrasound of the cervical canal during pregnancy is the first question that a pregnant woman asks when prescribing the procedure. This is necessary in order to promptly identify the development of a pathological process that can interfere with the normal formation of the fetus during the entire period of pregnancy.

When an ultrasound examination of the cervix is prescribed during an ongoing pregnancy, the procedure can be performed in two ways: transvaginally or transabdominally. Many pregnant women are afraid to undergo screening, arguing that the procedure is harmful to the child. But the study does not reveal any danger, either for the unborn baby or for his mother. At the same time, a big risk is the lack of diagnosis and timely detection of pathology.

It is recommended to first prepare for the procedure: wash the perineum with cool water using regular laundry soap. On the day of diagnosis, you should reduce the amount of fluid you drink. This is because a full bladder will interfere with diagnosis. 24 hours before the event, avoid foods that increase the process of gas formation in the intestines.

A transvaginal examination lasts in the office, using a special device, no longer than 2-3 minutes. The patient is required to lie on the couch, remove her underwear and bend her knees. The gynecologist lubricates the sensor with gel and inserts it into the vaginal cavity. To carry out the procedure, a gel of a special consistency is used, which allows for good sound and signal transmission.

If during the examination the picture on the monitor begins to distort and lengthen, the doctor removes the device and reinserts it. Such changes are caused by strong pressure on the sensor. Uterine contractions can also influence the inaccuracy of the detected indicators.

Before the procedure, it is recommended to know how an ultrasound is performed to examine the cervix during pregnancy. Having identified all the nuances and requirements, you can not be afraid of the event and set yourself up only for a positive diagnostic result

Cervical length by week of pregnancy

Carrying out echography during the period of bearing a child is necessary for the timely detection of insufficiency of the isthmic-cervical canal. The pathology manifests itself in the fact that the cervical canal produces a slight opening, while the cervix is significantly reduced in volume, which leads to the threat of spontaneous miscarriage. The condition is extremely dangerous, especially in the last weeks of gestation.

The pathological process is recorded if the following signs are detected before the 37th week of gestation:

The length of the cervix does not exceed 2.5 cm;
The cervical canal is detected slightly open or completely open;
The internal pharynx takes on the shape of a funnel, which indicates its opening.

If screening reveals that the length of the cervix does not exceed 1.5 mm, then in 30% of cases this indicates that labor will begin within the next 7 days. If the pathology is detected before 32 weeks, there is a 50% chance that premature delivery will occur. During a multiple pregnancy, the risk of pathology is already fixed at the identified cervical length of 2.5 cm.

When conducting diagnostics, the identified parameters (2.5-3 cm) indicate the need for additional consultation with a gynecologist and cervicometry every 1-2 weeks.

When it is diagnosed that the length of the cervix is 3 cm or more, the indicator indicates a normal pregnancy, and the risk of the baby being born prematurely is only 1%.